Pataxea

Proto-Azkali is the reconstructed ancestor of the modern Azkali language. Along with Proto-Ukilen, the reconstruction on Proto-Azkali is one of the most extensive compared to other languages. The first conventional of Proto-Azkali started in 1500 AD, leading to the establishment of many modern linguistic reconstruction techniques that have been used for reconstructions of other languages.

History

Throughout early Azkali history, there have been countless records that corroborate the existence of Proto-Azkali as a language. The oldest grammar book in the world, the Azalyi Gazi Chixgartai Ka, often shortened as the Azalyi Chixgartai, describes Proto-Azkali's grammar and phonology as it was in approximately 6000 BCE, and the book itself dates to atleast 900 BCE, or as late as 1100 BCE. As such, the Azalyi Chixgartai remains the

Urhemiat

The homeland of Proto-Azkali speakers has been debated for centuries. There are two leading theories, the Northern Ukilen hypothesis and the Southwest (northern continent) hypothesis, also rather infamously known as the (northern continent) conondrum.

Northern Ukilen hypothesis

The Northern Ukilen hypothesis, first proposed in 1601 by Oikan polymath [insert name here], posits the homeland of Proto Azkali speakers in Northeast Ukilen continent, centered around Bongsibon. The Northern Ukilen hypothesis was the first theory for the homeland of Azkali ever proposed, and directly caused increased awareness of reconstruction of Proto-Azkali.

Phonology

Consonants

The consonants of Proto-Azkali are, in standard notation:

Consonants		Labial	Coronal			Dorsal		Glottal
			Alveolar		Palatal
			Plain	Labialized		Plain	Labialized
Nasals		m /m/	n /n/	nw /nʷ/	ny /ɲ/	ng /ŋ/
Plosives	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/	tw /tʷ/	c /c/	k /k/	kw /kʷ/
	voiced	b /p'~b/	d /t'~d/	dw /tʷ'~dʷ/		g /k'~g/	gw /kʷ'~gʷ/
Fricatives	voiceless		s /s/	sw /sʷ/	ch /ç/	x /x~χ/	xw /xʷ~χʷ/	h /h/
	voiced		z /s'~z/	zw /sʷ'-zʷ/
Semivowels			l /l/		y /j/
Rhotic			r /ɹ/	rw /ɹʷ/

Nasal sounds could not appear word initially, nor it appears could s or z. The rhotic r /ɹ/ possibly could have been a trill /r/ word initially.

Vowels

The vowel system of Proto-Azkali was a vertical vowel system, containing the three vowels /i/, /e/, and /a/, shown below;

	Front
Close	i /i~ɪ/
Mid	e /e~ɛ/
Open	a /a/

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns in Proto-Azkali declined for 6 cases: the Nominative, marking the object of a transitive or intransitive verb, the Ergative, marking the subject of a transitive verb, the Accusative marking the direct object of a transitive verb and in past clauses, the subject of intransitive verbs and the direct objects of transitive verbs, the Genitive, marking a relationship between two nouns, the Privative, marking the lack of ownership specifically on a marked noun, and the Instrumental, marking the noun as being the instrument by which the verb was accomplished (this can be a physical object or a concept). Neither Proto-Azkali verbs nor nouns nor adjectives were inflected, with all inflection being conveyed via particles.

Proto-Azkali had a split-ergative morphological alignment. In the future and present tenses, the nominative and accusative cases were used; in past tenses, the ergative case was used, and the accusative case acted as the absolutive case. Case marking appeared to have been conveyed via particles, shown below:

Proto-Azkali case

Nominative	Ø
Ergative	ne
Accusative	ka
Genitive	kaca
Privative	za
Instrumental	gazi

Verbs

Verbs in Proto-Azkali were not conjugated. Instead, all relevant information were signified, like nouns, with particles. These particles changed for person, tense, aspect, and mood. Proto-Azkali verbal particles could conjugate for two tenses (past and non past), aspect (imperfective, perfective), and mood (indicative, subjunctive, positive imperative, and negative imperative), in addition to the subject, direct object, and indirect object of a phrase when applicable.

Verbs in Proto-Azkali were exceedingly regular, even more so than modern forms of the Azkali language. There were no irregular verbs in the language at all. Contrastingly, verbal particles were by far the most complex parts of Proto-Azkali grammar. This is the template for a verbal particle in Proto-Azkali:

Person	Tense Aspect	Mood	Person

Person indices

Person marking in verbal particles were indicated by prefixes and suffixes. We will first cover the prefixes, which marked the subject of intransitive verbs and the direct objects of transitive ones.

Nominative subject/direct object marking (with examples)

	Pronoun	Suffix		Verb examples (Present tense, perfective aspect, indicative mood)
				etwai (to hear)	akwe (to sit)	hizwi (to see)
1 singular	ke	ke-		keran etwai (I hear)	keran akwe (I sit)	keranik hizwi (I saw myself)
1 plural	es	e-		eran etwai (We hear)	eran akwe (We sit)	eranik hizwi (We saw ourselves)
2 singular	te	te-		teran etwai (You hear)	teran akwe (You sit)	teranik hizwi (You saw yourself)
2 plural	ean	ea-		earan etwai (You all hear)	earan akwe (You all sit)	earanek hizwi (You all saw yourselves)
3 singular	bai	b-		baran etwai (He/she/it hears)	baran akwe (He/she/it sits)	baranak hizwi (He/she/it saw themselves)
3 plural	en	n-		neran etwai (They hear)	neran akwe (They sit)	neranek hizwi (They saw themself)

Lexicon

No.	Gloss	Proto-Azkali (Nora 1960)	Notes	Modern Azkali
1	I	ke
2	you (singular)	te
3	he, she, it	bai
4	we	es
5	you (plural)	ean
6	they	en
7	this	anasgeri
8	that	keri
9	here	an
10	there	en
11	who	gamea
12	what	gamera
13	where	gachera
14	when	gesera
15	how	kea
16	not	ga(n)-
17	all	ke(n)-
18	many	gazg(i)-
19	some	eze(n)-
20	few	-(n)an
21	other	-(sw)en
22	one	chat
23	two	chatei
24	three	charei
25	four	chamadei
26	five	chakei
27	big	chi
28	long	nachi
29	wide	nazki
30	thick	gizki
31	heavy	debi
32	small	mei
33	short	kagi
34	narrow	kagea
35	thin	gikwesan
36	woman	chemega
37	man (adult male)	chamiga
38	man (kali being)	echalia
39	child	esachigi
40	wife	chetaz	translatable as partner
41	husband
42	mother	mama
43	father	papa
44	animal	chitzaga
45	fish	bazga
46	bird	tagisi
47	dog	rwaztagi
48	louse	hiyerwa
49	snake	ezaze
50	worm	azardaxe
51	tree	gwaeti
52	forest	gwar
53	stick	dera
54	fruit	ralisa
55	seed	cai
56	leaf	gwayti
57	root	gwalwiek
58	bark (of a tree)	gwazit
59	flower	agianate
60	grass	dwaxa
61	rope	exa
62	skin	igweywa
63	meat	iadatzgi
64	blood	rweadi
65	bone	inagi
66	fat (noun)	iswagaz
67	egg	rwida
68	horn	echoirwa
69	tail	twacha
	feather	azwegai
	hair	ewel
	head	ayizga
	ear	igwazdi
	eye	gwiz
	nose	aHas
	mouth	izagwar
	tooth	ichiha
	tongue (organ)	iHa
	fingernail	eigwant
	foot	igichi
	leg	igiHa
	knee	niHea
	hand	izweagi
	wing	gweiget
	belly	igwadsi
	guts	iadatzgi
	neck	tadsga
	back	riHi
	breast	peke
	heart	iwaxe
	liver	Hagziel
	to drink	ibwaHi	translatable as to consume
	to eat
	to bite	girwe
	to suck	karwan
	to spit	Him
	to vomit	bregwi
	to blow	brizgi
	to breathe	igi
	to laugh	aegiwa
	to see	hizwi
	to hear	twa
	to know	isan
	to think	ikwin
	to smell	gekwas
	to fear	ige
	to sleep	erwiHieg
	to live	arise
	to die	erwi
	to kill	erwikan
	to fight	iagazawe
	to hunt	heka
	to hit	ka
	to cut	gwein
	to split	gizwina
	to stab	exagwa
	to scratch	xaxexi
	to dig	HaeHizi
	to swim	hizwi
	to fly	azkaget
	to walk	hikaget
	to come	kin
	to lie (as in a bed)	agni
	to sit	akwe
	to stand	ewke
	to turn (intransitive)	git
	to fall	rwiseaz
	to give	azgandi
	to hold	ixedzi
	to squeeze	itwega
	to rub	icexa
	to wash	xeHan
	to wipe	kiHazgam
	to pull	rwisega
	to push	sa
	to throw	sixaga
	to tie	nagwiza
	to sew	ixegida
	to count	aegizki
	to say	a
	to sing	anichaxirwa
	to play	kagwane
	to float	chizad
	to flow	xaecha
	to freeze	chi
	to swell	gwaHaHagi
	sun	sawal
	moon	rwexurgzi
	star	sawgi
	water	iadatzgi
	rain	Himazgi
	river	Himahi
	lake	iHiragwi
	sea	tarwa
	salt	tarwazgi
	stone	tarwatzi
	sand	arwigixi
	dust	ie
	earth	tarwazgi
	cloud	Hain
	fog	maizedi
	sky	sawgicheza
	wind	Hi
	snow	xaHil
	ice	xeagwi
	smoke	iegwil
	fire	xigwan
	ash	kanye
	to burn	skwal
	road	ba
	mountain	azwegwi
	red	karwa
	green	gwaezgi
	yellow	sawlagari
	white	e
	black	nagan
	night	epwegi
	day	tarwizgari
	year	yerwa
	warm	ietarwa
	cold	narwal
	full	xachaHin
	new	maHizdi
	old	gezgin
	good	anarwaizgi
	bad	ingagwa
	rotten	iagangi
	dirty	gwai
	straight	igaderwa
	round	swe
	sharp (as a knife)	xei
	dull (as a knife)	dan
	smooth	swearwi
	wet	gwan
	dry	swag
	correct	nirwadi
	near	kaiHa
	far	na
	right	gin
	left	west
	at	ega
	in	irwen
	with	agze
	and	eta
	if	aneiz
	because	echan
	name	nan