Pataxea
Nekealiges Pataxea, often shortened to Pataxea (Azkali: Noazkalai Patua) and variously referred to as Proto-Azkali, Ancient Azkali, and Archaic Azkali, is the ancestor of the modern Azkali language, which arose in Yamahat and Azkali after diffusing there from [northern continent].
Etymology and nomenclature
History
Pre-Pataxea (12,000 BCE?)
Pataxea (8000-6000 BCE)
Late Pataxea (4000 BCE)
Nokian Pataxea and evolution into Azkali (2302 BCE onwards)
Increased usage and revival
Current day
Influence
Phonology
Orthography
Morphology
Nouns
Verbs
Overview
Pataxea verbal morphology is in general substantially less complicated than Azkali verbal morphology: unlike in Azkali, in which all verbs can conjugate for the full spectrum of tense, mood, persons, etc, only a very small subset of Pataxea verbs can. The verbs that can conjugate like this are called synthetic verbs, while the rest are called periphrastic (verbs). The only synthetic Pataxea verbs are is (to be), ia (to have), ahha (to do), eiexe (to have), reas (to run), and ea (to give). In Pataxea, the sentence Kre saxanereal sarieak translates to "I ate with him". This can be broken down into:
| Kre | saxan | ereal | sa | ri | ea | k | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first person singular
ergative pronoun |
stem | past
participle |
third person singular
masculine absolutive affix |
past tense stem of is | accompaniment
verbal version |
first person singular
ergative affix | ||
| I | eaten | he | was | with | I | |||
Periphrastic verbs
Periphrastic verbs form the vast majority of Pataxea verbs. They are called periphrastic verbs because they require synthetic verbs, which essentially act as auxiliary verbs, in order to conjugate for the full spectrum of tense, moods, persons, etc. The most common auxiliary verbs of this type are is (to be), ia (to have), and ahha (to do). Periphrastic verbs only take non-finite conjugation, which include participles, the infinitive, and an agentive suffix. The primary suffixes of these types are:
| Vowel ending | Consonant ending | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | -n | -en | |
| Agentive | -na | -a | |
| Participle | Far past | -xs | -eaxs |
| Past | -rel | -erel | |
| Nonpast | -sa | -esa | |
It can be seen in this example that periphrastic verbs take tense marking when placed in the participle, and while ungrammatical, it is technically possible to parse a sentence without a synthetic auxiliary verb. These suffixes are also occasionally used in the creation of nouns: for example, the Pataxea word titakaina, meaning author, is derived from tita, to read, and the agentive suffix -na.
The so called "secondary suffixes" are rarer participle suffixes for certain periphrastic verbs. A list of these secondary suffixes are shown below:
| Vowel ending | Consonant ending | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -exi | Far past | -xas | -exas | -exi is used for most, but not all, verbs of a
stative (i.e describing states of being, such as permanent qualities) lexical aspects. It is the participle of is. |
| Past | -xel | -exel | ||
| Nonpast | -xi | -exi | ||
| -bi | Far past | -bas | -ebas | |
| Past | -bel | -ebel | ||
| Nonpast | -bi | -ebi | ||
| -bol | Far past | -bez | -ebez | |
| Past | -bel | -ebel | ||
| Nonpast | -bol | -ebol | ||
| -bes | Far past | -beas | -ebeas | |
| Past | -beal | -ebeal | ||
| Nonpast | -bes | -ebes | ||
| -sag | Far past | -ses | -eses | |
| Past | -seg | -eseg | ||
| Nonpast | -sag | -asag | ||
| -kua | Far past | -kas | -akas | |
| Past | -kual | -akual | ||
| Nonpast | -kua | -akua | ||
| -aiz | Far past | -az | -naz | |
| Past | -eiz | -neiz | ||
| Nonpast | -aiz | -naiz | ||
| -leid | Far past | -lad | -alad | |
| Past | -ledua | -eledua | ||
| Nonpast | -leid | -eleid | ||
| -maki | Far past | -masi | -amasi | |
| Past | -meki | -emeki | ||
| Nonpast | -maki | -amaki | ||
| -mid | Far past | -mes | -emes | |
| Past | -med | -emed | ||
| Nonpast | -mid | -amid | ||
| -miz | Far past | -mes | -emes | |
| Past | -med | -emed | ||
| Nonpast | -miz | -emiz | ||
Compound verb constructions
Almost all Pataxea phrases contain compound verbal constructions, formed with a periphrastic verb placed most often in the participle, followed by a conjugated synthetic verb. Different combinations of periphrastic verb inflection and synthetic conjugation can combine to form a rich array of inflection, far more than can be expressed in synthetic verbs alone. These periphrastic conjugations can include compound tenses, different moods, verbal aspects, and so on. A non-exhaustive list of these periphrastic conjugations follows:
| Tense | Form | Examples | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present
simple |
(periphrastic non-past participle)
+ synthetic non-past tense |
|
|