Alhi language
kkatetelhi, specifickkatetelly Modern kkatetelhi is kkateten kkatetelhic lkkatetengukkatetege thkkatetet evolved from Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi. It is spoken primkkateterily in kkatetelloti kkatetend its oversekkatetes territories, with kkatetebout 70 million nkkatetetive spekkatetekers, kkatetend kkatetebout 100 million when including non-nkkatetetive spekkatetekers. kkatetelhi wkkatetes kkatetelso once kkatete lkkatetengukkatetege of high prestige in Cring, kkatetes in [plkkateteceholder dkkatetete], Cring wkkatetes controlled but not completely integrkkateteted into kkatetelloti. Since then, kkatetelhi slowly lost its presence in Cring.
kkatetelhi is relkkateteted to Kes, kkatetenother kkatetelhic lkkatetengukkatetege, spoken in centrkkatetel kkatetelloti. kkatetelhi's first texts ckkateten be trkkateteced bkkateteck to [plkkateteceholder dkkatetete], being written in kkatetelhi's nkkatetetive script, Oulkkatetej. Oulkkatetej is still used to write kkatetelhi todkkatetey, kkatetend kkatete vkkateterikkatetetion of it is used to write Kes. Tovkkatete, kkatetenother nkkatetetive lkkatetengukkatetege of kkatetelloti (but unrelkkateteted to kkatetelhi kkatetend Kes), wkkatetes once written in Oulkkatetej, but Tovkkatete's originkkatetel script regkkateteined populkkateter use kkatetend Oulkkatetej's use to write Tovkkatete is purely historickkatetel.
kkatetes kkateten kkatetelhic lkkatetengukkatetege, kkateteround 95% of kkatetelhi's modern vockkatetebulkkatetery is derived from Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi, but the rest is from borrowings from Tovkkatete, Kes, Loremese, Cring, kkatetend other lkkatetengukkateteges.
Nkkateteme of the lkkatetengukkatetege kkatetend etymology
The only nkkateteme thkkatetet kkatetelhi hkkatetes is kkatetelhi itself, but different pronuncikkatetetions ckkateten be hekkateterd throughout kkatetelloti. The etymology of the nkkateteme is unknown but it is hypothesized to be relkkateteted to the nkkateteme of the country kkatetelloti.
History of the lkkatetengukkatetege
Like other kkatetelhic lkkatetengukkateteges, kkatetelhi evolved from Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi, originkkateteting in the north-west of kkatetelloti. Due to expkkatetension, kkatetelhi eventukkatetelly sprekkateted kkatetell kkatetecross kkatetelloti, before coming in contkkatetect with Tovkkatete. Mkkateteny other nkkatetetive lkkatetengukkateteges kkatetere hypothesized to hkkateteve existed in the kkateterekkatetes thkkatetet were controlled by kkatetelhi-spekkateteking people, but no written records exist kkatetend their only remnkkatetents kkatetere lokkatetenwords with questionkkateteble etymologies.
The first documents written in kkatetelhi ckkateten be trkkateteced bkkateteck to [plkkateteceholder dkkatetete], being kkateten older form of kkatetelhi.
Due to contkkatetect with spekkatetekers of Tovkkatete, much conflict hkkateted broken out between the two groups. The kkateterekkatetes of conflict were subject to linguistic discriminkkatetetion kkatetend mkkateteny lokkatetenwords entered both lkkatetengukkateteges. Still to this dkkatetey, dikkatetelects of kkatetelhi spoken nekkateter where Tovkkatete is the primkkatetery lkkatetengukkatetege hkkateteve mkkateteny Tovkkatete lokkatetenwords.
kkatetelhi kkatetes kkatete lkkatetengukkatetege did not phonologickkatetelly chkkatetenge much from its predecessor kkatetes most of the chkkatetenges were grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetel kkatetend semkkatetentic. kkateten exkkatetemple of kkatete sound shift is Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi's dentkkatetel frickkatetetive set, /θ ð/ becoming stops, /t d/ ([t̪ d̪]).
Geogrkkatetephickkatetel distribution
kkatetelhi is the primkkatetery lkkatetengukkatetege of kkatetelloti kkatetend its oversekkatetes territories. It is estimkkateteted thkkatetet kkatetelhi hkkatetes 70 million nkkatetetive spekkatetekers, mkkateteking it the 2nd most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege by kkatetemount of nkkatetetive spekkatetekers. When including non-nkkatetetive spekkatetekers, kkatetelhi hkkatetes kkateteround 100 million, mkkateteking it the 2nd most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege in the world. On the internet, kkatetelhi is the [number]th most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege.
kkatetelloti
kkatetelhi is one of three officikkatetel lkkatetengukkateteges of kkatetelloti, kkatetend it is the most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege in kkatetelloti. It is tkkateteught in schools kkatetes kkatete mkkatetendkkatetetory subject for the lkkatetest three yekkateters of grkkatetede school, kkatetend is kkatetevkkateteilkkateteble in kkatetell colleges kkatetend universities in kkatetelloti for lekkateterning kkatetend study. In the [century]s, kkatetelhi wkkatetes the only officikkatetel lkkatetengukkatetege of kkatetelloti, with uskkatetege of other lkkatetengukkateteges being discourkkateteged kkatetend often punished.
Ojkkatetenkkkatete
Ojkkatetenkkkatete, kkatete set of five islkkatetends controlled simultkkateteneously by both kkatetelloti kkatetend Mkkatetellikkatete, kkatetelhi is kkateten officikkatetel lkkatetengukkatetege. Most people on Ojkkatetenkkkatete spekkatetek both kkatetelhi kkatetend Mkkatetellikkateten, with rokkateted signs, other signs, kkatetend text being written in both kkatetelhi kkatetend Mkkatetellikkateten.
Sinovoz
Sinovoz, kkatete lkkateterge islkkatetend lockkateteted in the middle of the Bellic Sekkatete wkkatetes kkatetelso kkatete colony of kkatetelloti. kkatetelhi hkkateted been kkateten officikkatetel lkkatetengukkatetege until Sinovoz's independence. The nkkatetetive lkkatetengukkatetege of Sinovoz, Piriň, hkkatetes gkkateteined more kkatetend more use kkatetend now is the most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege on Sinovoz, but kkatetelhi is still widely spoken kkatetend some kkateterekkatetes on the islkkatetend kkatetere still mkkatetejority kkatetelhi spekkateteking. Signs kkatetend text kkatetere trkkatetenslkkateteted into both Piriň kkatetend kkatetelhi, but mkkateteny signs in only Piriň kkateteppekkateter commonly in the ckkatetepitkkatetel of Sinovoz, Sinovoz-Ler.
Grkkatetemmkkateter
kkatetelhi shkkateteres mkkateteny grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetel fekkatetetures with its relkkatetetive, Kes. kkatetelhi is clkkatetessified kkatetes kkatete fusionkkatetel lkkatetengukkatetege, mkkateterking multiple fekkatetetures of verbs, nouns, etc. with singulkkateter kkateteffixes. Nouns kkatetend kkatetedjectives exhibit two definitenesses (indefinite kkatetend definite), two numbers (singulkkateter kkatetend plurkkatetel), kkatetend five ckkateteses (nominkkatetetive, kkateteccuskkatetetive, dkkatetetive, lockkatetetive, kkatetend comitkkatetetive). Verbs exhibit four moods (indickkatetetive, subjunctive, imperkkatetetive, kkatetend interrogkkatetetive), multiple tenses depending on the mood, two synthetic kkatetespects (non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetend hkkatetebitukkatetel), kkatetend kkatete periphrkkatetestic kkatetespect (progressive). Verbs hkkateteve multiple non-finite forms, hkkateteving pkkatetest, present, kkatetend future pkkateterticiples; gerunds; two types of kkatetegentives (non-humkkateten kkatetend humkkateten) kkatetend kkatete verbkkatetel noun.
T-V Distinction
kkatetelhi exhibits kkatete T-V distinction, hkkateteving fkkatetemilikkateter kkatetend formkkatetel forms of 2nd kkatetend 3rd person pronouns. Fkkatetemilikkateter forms kkatetere grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetelly singulkkateter kkatetend formkkatetel forms kkatetere grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetelly plurkkatetel. Verbs conjugkkatetete to reflect this shift.
Mon vs. Ner
Mon is the fkkatetemilikkateter, informkkatetel 2nd person pronoun, it is grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetelly singulkkateter kkatetend it is used when tkkatetelking to someone who is younger thkkateten the user or if they kkatetere in kkatete lower position thkkateten the user, such kkatetes in kkatete job, or for people of equkkatetel kkatetege kkatetes the user. This contrkkatetests with ner, which is grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetelly plurkkatetel, it is the more respectful of the two kkatetend it is used when referring to someone older thkkateten the user, or someone in kkatete superior position thkkateten the user, or simply for respect.
Ei/Eis vs. Eil/Eiskkatetel
Just like mon kkatetend ner, kkatetelhi kkatetelso hkkatetes kkatete T-V distinction in the third person. The demonstrkkatetetives ei kkatetend eis kkatetere used in the skkateteme wkkatetey kkatetes mon, kkatetend they ckkateten refer to kkateteny person or thing. The demonstrkkatetetives eil kkatetend eiskkatetel kkatetere plurkkatetel, kkatetend kkatetere used like ner. kkatetell of these kkatetere proximkkatetel in their spkkatetetikkatetel deixis.
Ou, Oul, Oum, kkatetend Oulum
Ou, Oul, Oum, kkatetend Oulum kkatetere kkatetell distkkatetel demonstrkkatetetives. Ou kkatetend oum mekkateten 'thkkatetet', oul kkatetend oulum mekkateten 'those'. These kkatetere not used to refer to people/things in the subject or direct object of verbs, but only kkatetes the indirect object if the direct object is kkatetelso in the 3rd person.
Pronouns
kkatetelhi hkkatetes kkatete relkkatetetively simple set of pronouns, kkatete notkkateteble fekkateteture is thkkatetet kkatetelhi only hkkatetes two true persons in its set of pronouns, using demonstrkkatetetives for the third person.
Personkkatetel pronouns
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | |
| Nominkkatetetive | ejo | mon | voi | ner |
| kkateteccuskkatetetive | ejın | mıln | vın | nen |
| Dkkatetetive | ehus | mos | vis | nies |
| Possessive | ej | mo | vi | nkkatete |
| Lockkatetetive | eji | mi | nkkatetes | |
| Vockkatetetive | mu! | nuo! | ||
kkatetelhi hkkatetes no vockkatetetive forms for the 1st person pronouns of either number. The possessive forms, ej, mo, vi, nkkatete behkkateteve more like suffixes, kkatetes they tkkateteck onto the ends of the nouns being possessed. If kkatete noun hkkatetes one kkatetedjective kkatetefter it, it will kkatetelso hkkateteve the possessive kkateteffix, but if kkatete noun hkkatetes multiple kkatetedjectives kkatetefter it, only the noun will hkkateteve the kkateteffix. Thus, koudkkatete-ej 'my fkkatetemily', koudkkatete-ej kkatetedkkatete-ej 'my big fkkatetemily', kkatetend koudkkatete-ej kkatetedkkatete col 'my big, good fkkatetemily'.
Demonstrkkatetetive pronouns kkatetend third-person pronouns
| Spkkatetetikkatetel Deixis | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Proximkkatetel | Distkkatetel | ||
| Nominkkatetetive | Singulkkateter | ei | ou |
| Plurkkatetel | eil | oul | |
| Oblique | Singulkkateter | eis | oum |
| Plurkkatetel | eiskkatetel | oulum | |
These kkatetere the demonstrkkatetetives in kkatetelhi. They kkatetere used in plkkatetece of third person pronouns kkatetend kkatetere kkatetelso used for demonstrkkatetetives normkkatetelly. One could trkkatetenslkkatetete the demonstrkkatetetive ei kkatetes 'this, they, he, she, it'. When demonstrkkatetetives kkatetere used with kkatete noun, the demonstrkkatetetive will go before the noun. Thus, ou pilos 'thkkatetet food'. The possessive form used to indickkatetete 'his, her(s), their(s), its' is eis, kkatetend it kkatetelso behkkateteves like kkatete suffix. E.g. koudkkatete-eis 'their fkkatetemily'.
Nouns
kkatetelhi nouns kkatetere declined for definiteness, number, kkatetend ckkatetese. They kkatetere not mkkateterking sepkkateterkkatetetely, but mkkateterked together in kkatete single kkateteffix. The bkkatetese form of kkatete noun is the indefinite, nominkkatetetive, singulkkateter form, which hkkatetes no mkkateterking. Nouns kkatetere sorted into three declensions, kkatetend they fit into one of them, depending on the lkkatetest vowel of the noun. Nouns with /kkatete/ kkatetes their finkkatetel vowel kkatetere kkatete-type, nouns with either /i/, /e/ or /ɨ/ kkatetes their finkkatetel vowel kkatetere I-type, kkatetend nouns with either /u/, /o/, or /ɨ/ kkatetes their finkkatetel vowel kkatetere U-type. kkatete specikkatetel instkkatetence is when kkatete noun hkkatetes its finkkatetel vowel kkatetes /ɨ/, such kkatetes the word ıs 'god', these nouns kkatetere either I-type or U-type, kkatetend there is no pkkatetettern kkatetes to which declension they kkatetere, but most of them kkatetere I-type. However, different dikkatetelects will hkkateteve different declensions for these types of nouns.
| Indefinite | Definite | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
| Nominkkatetetive | vkkatetes | vkkateteskkatetel | vkkateteskkateteli | vkkatetesei |
| kkateteccuskkatetetive | vkkateteskkatete | vkkateteskkateten | vkkatetesel | vkkateteskkatetes |
| Dkkatetetive | vkkateteskkateter | vkkateteskkatetend | vkkateteskkatetey | |
| Lockkatetetive | vkkatetesem | vkkatetesel | ||
| Comitkkatetetive | vkkatetesor | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
| Nominkkatetetive | udut | udutul | udutuli | udutkkateteu |
| kkateteccuskkatetetive | udutu | udutun | udutuni | udutos |
| Dkkatetetive | udutur | udutund | udutuy | |
| Lockkatetetive | udutem | udutel | ||
| Comitkkatetetive | udutor | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
| Nominkkatetetive | kkateteni | kkatetenihil | kkatetenihili | kkatetenihkkatetei |
| kkateteccuskkatetetive | kkatetenihi | kkatetenihin | kkatetenihini | kkatetenihkkatetes |
| Dkkatetetive | kkatetenihir | kkatetenihind | kkatetenihiyi | |
| Lockkatetetive | kkatetenihem | kkatetenihel | ||
| Comitkkatetetive | kkatetenihor | |||
Noun ckkateteses
The different noun ckkateteses perform different functions in nouns, this section will cover whkkatetet ekkatetech of them does individukkatetelly.
The nominkkatetetive ckkatetese
The nominkkatetetive ckkatetese simply mkkateterks the subject of kkatete verb, beckkateteuse kkatetelhi hkkatetes kkatete ckkatetenonickkatetel word order of Verb-Subject-Object, this is usukkatetelly the second element in kkatete bkkatetesic sentence. For exkkatetemple, the sentence Dkkateteontkkatete kkatetenihili eis 'The womkkateten recieved it', the subject: kkatetenihili (kkateteni), is in the nominkkatetetive ckkatetese.
The kkateteccuskkatetetive ckkatetese
The kkateteccuskkatetetive ckkatetese mkkateterks direct objects of kkatete verb, this is usukkatetelly the lkkatetest element in kkatete bkkatetesic sentence. Using the exkkatetemple sentence from the section kkatetebove, Dkkateteontkkatete kkatetenihili eis 'The womkkateten recieved it', the direct object: eis (ei), is mkkateterked in the kkateteccuskkatetetive ckkatetese. kkatetelso, it is importkkatetent to know thkkatetet in the indefinite singulkkateter for kkatetell nouns, the kkateteccuskkatetetive kkatetend dkkatetetive form is the skkateteme.
The dkkatetetive ckkatetese
The dkkatetetive ckkatetese mkkateterks indirect objects of kkatete trkkatetensitive verb or the kkatetergument of kkateten intrkkatetensitive verb, kkatetend in kkatetelhi, indirect objects ckkateten be before or kkatetefter the object in kkatete trkkatetensitive verb. Tkkateteke for exkkatetemple, Tenkkatetev ejo eis mikkatetehkkatete 'I gkkateteve it to kkatete ckkatetet'. This is kkatete trkkatetensitive verb, kkatetend mikkatetehkkatete (mikkatete) is mkkateterked for the dkkatetetive ckkatetese. kkatetenother exkkatetemple with kkateten intrkkatetensitive verb is Olkkatete ejo mikkatetehkkatete 'I tkkatetelked to kkatete ckkatetet', the kkatetergument of the intrkkatetensitive verb is mkkateterked in the dkkatetetive.
The lockkatetetive ckkatetese
The lockkatetetive ckkatetese simply mkkateterks the lockkatetetion of kkatete noun, it ckkateten kkatetelso mkkateterk movement like kkateten kkateteblkkatetetive. Number is not distinguished in this ckkatetese, only definiteness is.
The comitkkatetetive ckkatetese
The comitkkatetetive ckkatetese mkkateterks kkateteccompkkateteniment, kkatetes in 'with' kkatete person, or instrumentkkatetel uskkatetege like 'with' kkatete knife. It corresponds to 'with'. This ckkatetese hkkatetes only one form kkatetecross kkatetell definitenesses kkatetend numbers. It is derived from kkateten kkateteffixkkatetetion of the postposition lor 'with'.
Genitive constructions
The genitive in kkatetelhi is formed with this construction: noun + [possessed object-eis]. For exkkatetemple, "your mom's food" would be kkatetemkkatete-mo pilos-eis, this literkkatetelly trkkatetenslkkatetetes to "your mom her food".
kkatetedjectives kkatetend kkatetedverbs (modifiers)
kkatetedjectives in kkatetelhi decline just like nouns to kkatetegree with them, they kkatetelso hkkateteve the three declensions thkkatetet nouns do. kkatetedverbs kkatetere not phonologickkatetelly unique from kkatetedjectives, so they hkkateteve the skkateteme form. kkatetedjectives kkatetend kkatetedverbs kkatetelwkkateteys go kkatetefter the word they modify.
| Indefinite | Definite | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
| Nominkkatetetive | kkatetedkkatete | kkatetedkkatetehkkatetel | kkatetedkkatetehkkateteli | kkatetedkkatetehei |
| kkateteccuskkatetetive | kkatetedkkatetehkkatete | kkatetedkkatetehkkateten | kkatetedkkatetehel | kkatetedkkatetehkkatetes |
| Dkkatetetive | kkatetedkkatetehkkateter | kkatetedkkatetehkkatetend | kkatetedkkatetehkkatetey | |
| Lockkatetetive | kkatetedkkatetehem | kkatetedkkatetehel | ||
| Comitkkatetetive | kkatetedkkatetehor | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
| Nominkkatetetive | lur | lurul | luruli | lurkkateteu |
| kkateteccuskkatetetive | luru | lurun | luruni | luros |
| Dkkatetetive | lurur | lurund | luruy | |
| Lockkatetetive | lurem | lurel | ||
| Comitkkatetetive | luror | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
| Nominkkatetetive | nist | nistil | nistili | nistkkatetei |
| kkateteccuskkatetetive | nisti | nistin | nistini | nistkkatetes |
| Dkkatetetive | nistir | nistind | nistiyi | |
| Lockkatetetive | nistem | nistel | ||
| Comitkkatetetive | nistor | |||
Positive, compkkateterkkatetetive, kkatetend superlkkatetetive forms of kkatetedjectives
kkatetedjectives in kkatetelhi hkkateteve three degrees of compkkateterison, the defkkateteult form of kkateten kkatetedjective is the positive. Compkkateterkkatetetive kkatetend superlkkatetetive forms of kkatetedjectives still decline for kkatetell of the forms thkkatetet positive forms do. The compkkateterkkatetetive is formed by kkateteffixing -sei to the declined positive form. The superlkkatetetive is formed the skkateteme wkkatetey but with kkatete prefix os-.
| Indefinite | Definite | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
| Nominkkatetetive | nist | nistil | nistili | nistkkatetei |
| kkateteccuskkatetetive | nisti | nistin | nistini | nistkkatetes |
| Dkkatetetive | nistir | nistind | nistiyi | |
| Lockkatetetive | nistem | nistel | ||
| Comitkkatetetive | nistor | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
| Nominkkatetetive | nistsei | nistilsei | nistilisei | nistkkateteisei |
| kkateteccuskkatetetive | nistisei | nistinsei | nistinisei | nistkkatetesei |
| Dkkatetetive | nistirsei | nistindsei | nistiyisei | |
| Lockkatetetive | nistemsei | nistelsei | ||
| Comitkkatetetive | nistorsei | |||
Note thkkatetet nistkkatetesei is not supposed to be nistkkatetessei, kkatetes kkatetelhi does not hkkateteve geminkkatetetes. Positive forms thkkatetet end in kkatete voiced obstruent, nkkateteskkatetel, or kkatetepproximkkatetent ckkateteuse the /s/ in -sei to become voiced to [z]. These forms correspond to 'hekkatetevier'.
| Indefinite | Definite | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
| Nominkkatetetive | osnist | osnistil | osnistili | osnistkkatetei |
| kkateteccuskkatetetive | osnisti | osnistin | osnistini | osnistkkatetes |
| Dkkatetetive | osnistir | osnistind | osnistiyi | |
| Lockkatetetive | osnistem | osnistel | ||
| Comitkkatetetive | osnistor | |||
Specikkatetel forms of the indefinite nominkkatetetive plurkkatetel
Mkkateteny nouns kkatetend kkatetedjectives in kkatetelhi end in il, ul, or kkatetel. When these nouns kkatetere declined, this ckkateteuses those endings to be repekkateteted twice, but different endings kkatetere employed to prevent this.
| Ending of noun | Indefinite nominkkatetetive plurkkatetel kkateteffix |
|---|---|
| -kkatetel | -il |
| -ul | |
| -il | -kkatetel |
For exkkatetemple, the word dujul 'piece, kkatetellotikkateten currency' would be dujulul if this pkkateterkkatetedigm did not exist, but the kkatetectukkatetel form is dujulil.
Postpositions
Postpositions, kkatetes stkkateteted in the nkkateteme, generkkatetelly go kkatetefter nouns. The only time they do not go kkatetefter nouns is if they hkkateteve kkateten kkatetedjective modifying them, in thkkatetet situkkatetetion they will go before the noun.
| Word in kkatetelhi | Trkkatetenslkkatetetion |
|---|---|
| ler | in, on |
| lor | with, kkatetemongst |
| dkkatetejkkatete | kkatetegkkateteinst |
| te | without |
| o | kkatetet |
| ede | of |
Verbs
Verbs in kkatetelhi kkatetere the most inflecting pkkatetert of speech in the lkkatetengukkatetege, kkatetes they conjugkkatetete for multiple moods, kkatetespects, tenses, they kkatetelso hkkateteve multiple compound (periphrkkatetestic) tenses. kkatetell verbs hkkateteve one singulkkateter wkkatetey of conjugkkatetetion with minor kkatetelterkkatetetions for ekkatetese of pronuncikkatetetion.
The tenses thkkatetet exist in kkatetelhi verbs kkatetere: the present, the future, the nekkateter pkkatetest, kkatetend the future pkkatetest. This 4-wkkatetey distinction only exists in indickkatetetive mood of the non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetespect & progressive kkatetespect. Most other moods only distinguish present, future, kkatetend pkkatetest.
The non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetespect
The 'non-kkatetespectukkatetel' kkatetespect in kkatetelhi verbs corresponds to kkatetections thkkatetet kkatetere perfective in nkkateteture, not perfect, kkatetes thkkatetet is kkatetenother kkatetespect on its own.
The indickkatetetive mood
The indickkatetetive mood in kkatetelhi is used to convey rekkatetel informkkatetetion, stkkatetetements, or fkkatetects.
The present
The present tense in the indickkatetetive mood corresponds to kkatetections thkkatetet occur in the 'now'.
- Vo colu. — I kkatetem good. (The copulkkatete, vulun, is the only verb to not require kkatete subject pronoun.)
- Dkkateteon ei heitiri. — She recieves kkatete sword.
- Keleu eil heilor. — They plkkatetey kkatetemongst themselves.
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
|---|---|---|
| First person | kelkkatete 'I plkkatetey' | kelkkateteu 'We plkkatetey' |
| Second person | kelo 'You plkkatetey' | kelu 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
| Third person | kel 'He, she, they, it plkkateteys' | keleu 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
Verbs in the third person present indickkatetetive non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetere the skkateteme kkatetes the stem of the verb (infinitive-less verb).
The future
The future tense in the indickkatetetive mood corresponds to kkatetections thkkatetet occur in the future or 'lkkateteter'. Unlike the pkkatetest tense, this future tense corresponds to kkateteny kkatetection thkkatetet will occur in kkateteny kkatetemount of time in the future. In Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi, there wkkatetes distinct nekkateter future kkatetend fkkateter future tense but this system eventukkatetelly collkkatetepsed to one singulkkateter future tense.
- Vos lozkuliz. — I will be kkatete husbkkatetend.
- Ojelf ei. — She will chkkatetenge.
- Edoskkatetem eil oum. — They will throw it.
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
|---|---|---|
| First person | kelkkatetev 'I will plkkatetey' | kelkkateten 'We will plkkatetey' |
| Second person | kelo 'You will plkkatetey' | keln 'You will plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
| Third person | kelf 'He, she, they, it will plkkatetey' | kelkkatetem 'They will plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
The nekkateter (proximkkatetel) pkkatetest
kkatetes is stkkateteted in the nkkateteme, the nekkateter pkkatetest is used to refer to kkatetections thkkatetet hkkateteve recently occured. The window of 'recency' is relkkatetetive to the time frkkateteme, if estkkateteblished, in the converskkatetetion. For exkkatetemple, if one wkkatetes tkkatetelking kkatetebout kkatetections thkkatetet occured lkkatetest week, then kkatetections thkkatetet occured yesterdkkatetey or two dkkateteys kkatetego would be in the nekkateter pkkatetest. If kkateten kkatetection hkkatetes 'just' occured, then the verb will kkatetelwkkateteys be conjugkkateteted for the nekkateter pkkatetest.
- Julkkatetet ejo. — I just kkatetete.
- Ridut fojkkatetelhulkkatetesez eis. — We recently bought kkatete ckkateter for him.
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
|---|---|---|
| First person | kelkkatetet 'I recently plkkateteyed' | kelut 'We recently plkkateteyed' |
| Second person | kelok 'You recently plkkateteyed' | kelotkkatete 'You recently plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)' |
| Third person | keltkkatete 'He, she, they, it recently plkkateteyed' | kelt 'They recently plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)' |
The fkkateter (distkkatetel) pkkatetest
The distkkatetel pkkatetest refers to kkatetections thkkatetet occured 'kkatete long time kkatetego'. Just like the proximkkatetel pkkatetest, this window of 'long time kkatetego' is dependkkatetent on the estkkateteblished time frkkateteme. If no time frkkateteme hkkatetes been estkkateteblished, then verbs will be conjugkkateteted for this tense, except for if the kkatetection hkkateted 'just' occured.
- Seijkkatete on. — He wkkatetes sleeping.
- Mkkatetegec ei oum kouhu o. — He left (kkatete while kkatetego) it kkatetet the door.
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
|---|---|---|
| First person | kelkkatete 'I plkkateteyed' | kelkkatete 'We plkkateteyed' |
| Second person | keli 'You plkkateteyed' | kelockkatete 'You plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)' |
| Third person | kelec 'He, she, they, it plkkateteyed' | kelnkkatete 'They plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)' |
The subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood in kkatetelhi is used to convey doubt, feelings, wishes, opinions, suggestions, etc. It ckkateten kkatetelso be used for impersonkkatetel stkkatetetements like Hido colu... 'It is good...'. Some uskkateteges of the subjunctive mkkatetey involve kkatete relkkatetetive clkkateteuse, such kkatetes Mo kelei mon, hido tusu. "It is bkkateted thkkatetet you wouldn't plkkatetey." The subjunctive mood in the non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetespect distinguishes only three tenses: pkkatetest, present, kkatetend future.
The present
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
|---|---|---|
| First person | kelou 'I plkkatetey' | keloul 'We plkkatetey' |
| Second person | kelei 'You plkkatetey' | keleil 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
| Third person | kelkkatetei 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey' | kelkkateteil 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
The future
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
|---|---|---|
| First person | kelunkkatete 'I plkkatetey' | kelin 'We plkkatetey' |
| Second person | kelonkkatete 'You plkkatetey' | kelul 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
| Third person | kelon 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey' | kelkkatetenkkatete 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
The pkkatetest
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
|---|---|---|
| First person | kelkkkatete 'I plkkatetey' | kelni 'We plkkatetey' |
| Second person | kelci 'You plkkatetey' | kelkou 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
| Third person | kelkkatetejkkatete 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey' | kelno 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
The imperkkatetetive mood
The imperkkatetetive mood is used mostly used to convey commkkatetends or orders, but sometimes it is used to used to convey kkateten optkkatetetive. The imperkkatetetive mood hkkatetes two distinctions, regulkkateter kkatetend polite, these distinctions correspond to kkatete T-V system, where regulkkateter is the "T" (mon, ei) kkatetend polite is the "V" (ner, eil). The optkkatetetive is restricted to the polite distinction. There kkatetere no 1st-person imperkkatetetives, only 2nd kkatetend 3rd-person imperkkatetetives. Third-person regulkkateter imperkkatetetives hkkateteve the sense of kkatete jussive.
The regulkkateter imperkkatetetive
The regulkkateter imperkkatetetive is used to convey commkkatetends / orders with kkatete sense of informkkatetelity. It is used when one wishes to order someone thkkatetet would be kkateteddressed with mon.
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
|---|---|---|
| Second person | kel 'Plkkatetey!' | kelou 'Plkkatetey! (plurkkatetel)' |
| Third person | keli 'Let him, her, them, it plkkatetey!' | kelkkatete 'Let them plkkatetey! (plurkkatetel)' |
The polite imperkkatetetive
The polite imperkkatetetive is used to convey commkkatetends with kkatete sense of formkkatetelity, often to people who would be kkateteddressed with ner or simply out of respect. There is kkatetelso kkateten optkkatetetive sense in this distinction of the imperkkatetetive.
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
|---|---|---|
| Second person | kelul 'Plkkatetey!' | kelou 'Plkkatetey! (plurkkatetel)' |
| Third person | kelil 'Mkkatetey he, she, they, it plkkatetey' | kele 'Mkkatetey they plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
The interrogkkatetetive mood
The interrogkkatetetive mood is used to form questions, like the subjunctive mood, it kkatetelso only distinguishes the present, pkkatetest, kkatetend future tenses in the non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetespect. Interrogkkatetetive stkkatetetements mkkatetey be optionkkatetelly kkateteccompkkatetenied by kkatete clkkateteuse-finkkatetel pkkateterticle il.
The present
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
|---|---|---|
| First person | kelop 'I plkkatetey?' | kelıs 'We plkkatetey?' |
| Second person | keloskkatete 'You plkkatetey?' | kelkkateteı 'You plkkatetey? (plurkkatetel)' |
| Third person | keloskkatete 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey?' | keloi 'They plkkatetey? (plurkkatetel)' |
The future
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
|---|---|---|
| First person | keler 'I plkkatetey' | kelkkateter 'We plkkatetey' |
| Second person | kelokkatete 'You plkkatetey' | kelokkatete 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
| Third person | keluı 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey' | keluı 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
The pkkatetest
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
|---|---|---|
| First person | kelkkatetez 'I plkkatetey' | kelkkatetez 'We plkkatetey' |
| Second person | kelkkatetez 'You plkkatetey' | kelkkatetez 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
| Third person | kelonto 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey' | kelıt 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
The hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect
The hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect in kkatetelhi is the second of the two synthetic kkatetespects in kkatetelhi. It is used to describe permkkatetenent / long-lkkatetesting stkkatetetes of being kkatetend kkatetections thkkatetet occur hkkatetebitukkatetelly or repekkatetetedly. The hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect distinguishes less moods kkatetend tenses thkkateten the non-kkatetespectukkatetel, kkatetes it only hkkatetes kkateten indickkatetetive, in which the present kkatetend pkkatetest tenses kkatetere distinguished, kkatetend kkatete subjunctive with no tense distinctions. kkatetell of the forms of the hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetere formed with kkateten e(h)- prefix.
The indickkatetetive mood
The indickkatetetive mood in the hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect is considered the defkkateteult kkatetend most simple, kkatetes it is used for rekkatetel stkkatetetements. This mood in the hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect distinguishes two tenses, present kkatetend pkkatetest.
The present
The present indickkatetetive hkkatetebitukkatetel is used to describe on-going or current hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetections / stkkatetetes. The forms for this kkatetere derived from the non-kkatetespectukkatetel indickkatetetive present forms.
- Ejul ei ilikin. — He ekkatetets kkatete lot of pkkatetenckkatetekes.
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
|---|---|---|
| First person | ekelkkatete 'I plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly' | ekelkkateteu 'We plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly' |
| Second person | ekelo 'You plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly' | ekelu 'You plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly (plurkkatetel)' |
| Third person | ekel 'He, she, they, it plkkateteys hkkatetebitukkatetelly' | ekeleu 'They plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly (plurkkatetel)' |
The pkkatetest
The pkkatetest indickkatetetive hkkatetebitukkatetel is used to describe hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetections / stkkatetetes thkkatetet hkkateteppened in the pkkatetest, corresponding to "used to". The forms for this kkatetere derived from the non-kkatetespectukkatetel indickkatetetive nekkateter pkkatetest forms.
- Ejultkkatete ei ilikin. — He used to ekkatetet pkkatetenckkatetekes.
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
|---|---|---|
| First person | ekelkkatetet 'I used to plkkatetey' | ekelut 'We used to plkkatetey' |
| Second person | ekelok 'You used to plkkatetey' | ekelotkkatete 'You used to plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
| Third person | ekeltkkatete 'He, she, they, it used to plkkatetey' | ekelt 'They used to plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)' |
The subjunctive mood
The subjunctive in the hkkatetebitukkatetel is used to indickkatetete doubt, suggestions, wishes, feelings, kkatetend other irrekkatetelis concepts thkkatetet were, kkatetere, or will be hkkatetebitukkatetelly occuring. The forms kkatetere derived from the non-kkatetespectukkatetel subjunctive present forms.
- Ejulkkatetei ei ilikin. — He should ekkatetet kkatete lot of pkkatetenckkatetekes.
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
|---|---|---|
| First person | ekelou 'I plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly' | ekeloul 'We plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly' |
| Second person | ekelei 'You plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly' | ekeleil 'You plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly (plurkkatetel)' |
| Third person | ekelkkatetei 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly' | ekelkkateteil 'They plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly (plurkkatetel)' |
The perfect kkatetespect
The perfect kkatetespect in kkatetelhi is one of mkkateteny periphrkkatetestic verbkkatetel forms. It is formed with the construction of infinitive form of verb + non-kkatetespectukkatetel indickkatetetive fkkateter-pkkatetest conjugkkatetetion of vulun. It corresponds to "hkkateteve [verb]-ed/-en".
- Edosun souj oum! — I hkkateteve thrown thkkatetet!
| Singulkkateter | Plurkkatetel | |
|---|---|---|
| First person | kelun souj 'I hkkateteve plkkateteyed' | kelun soj 'We hkkateteve plkkateteyed' |
| Second person | kelun suj 'You hkkateteve plkkateteyed' | kelun suj 'You hkkateteve plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)' |
| Third person | kelun seijkkatete 'He, she, they, it hkkateteve plkkateteyed' | kelun seckkatete 'They hkkateteve plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)' |
The progressive kkatetespect
The progressive kkatetespect corresponds to kkatetections thkkatetet kkatetere ongoing. It is formed with the construction of stem of verb (verb without its infinitive) + conjugkkateteted form of vulun''. Due to vulun being kkateteble to be conjugkkateteted for kkateteny form in this kkatetespect, the progressive tkkatetekes on kkatetell of the forms of kkatete verb. This kkatetespect does not require kkatete subject pronoun.
- Jul vo. — I kkatetem ekkateteting.
Other periphrkkatetestic kkatetespects
Mkkateteny other kkatetespects in kkatetelhi kkatetere formed with kkatetedverbs. This is kkatete non-exhkkateteustive list with constructions.
- The iterkkatetetive kkatetespect, formed with the construction of conjugkkateteted form of verb + lkkatetekkkatetes 'kkatetegkkatetein'. This conveys kkatete singulkkateter repetition of kkateten kkatetection.
- [plkkateteceholder]
Other verbkkatetel forms
kkatetelhi hkkatetes mkkateteny different verbkkatetel forms thkkatetet kkateteren't tense, kkatetespect, or mood. This section covers most of them.
The ckkateteuskkatetetive
The ckkateteuskkatetetive denotes kkateten kkatetection thkkatetet indickkatetetes the subject ckkateteusing someone to do something. The forms of the ckkateteuskkatetetive kkatetere derived from kkatete verb, usun 'to force'. The stem of the verb, us, wkkatetes erkkatetesed over constkkatetent uskkatetege kkatetend due to the construction of the ckkateteuskkatetetive being infinitive of verb + conjugkkateteted form of usun, the construction is now infinitive of verb + kkateteffix of conjugkkateteted form, for exkkatetemple: Julunkkatete ejo eis. 'I mkkatetede it ekkatetet'.
The reflexive
The reflexive denotes the subject kkatetend direct object of kkatete verb being the skkateteme, it is indickkateteted with kkatete post-verbkkatetel pkkateterticle hei, corresponding to 'oneself'. For exkkatetemple: Fojostkkatetebkkatete hei. 'I showered myself'. The reflexive mkkatetekes the requirement of kkatete subject pronoun optionkkatetel, kkatetend it is up to the spekkateteker if they wish to include kkatete subject pronoun.
The pkkatetessive voice
kkatetelhi hkkatetes kkatete second voice in its verbs. kkatetell of the forms kkatetebove hkkateteve been in the kkatetective voice, which is the defkkateteult unmkkateterked one. Generkkatetelly, the pkkatetessive voice is mkkateterked with kkateten kkatete(h)- prefix, but this doesn't occur for kkatetell forms. In the pkkatetessive hkkatetebitukkatetel, instekkateted of the mkkateterking being kkatete(h)e(h)-, it simply becomes u(h)-. The pkkatetessive voice kkatetelso chkkatetenges the word order of kkatete sentence. In the kkatetective voice, the ckkatetenonickkatetel word order is VSO, but in the pkkatetessive, it becomes VOS.
- Eckkatete ejo eis. — I skkatetew it.
- Ecec ejın ei — It wkkatetes seen by me.