Library of Turku

Kjaxono verbs: Difference between revisions

← Older editNewer edit →
imported>Photosynthesis bisectors
VisualWikitext
imported>Photosynthesis bisectors
imported>Photosynthesis bisectors
Line 23: Line 23:
Whilst usually conveyed via word order, Kjaxono verbs have 3 voices: the ''active, middle'', and ''passive''. They are applied to the '''V''' slot of the verb template as seen below.   
Whilst usually conveyed via word order, Kjaxono verbs have 3 voices: the ''active, middle'', and ''passive''. They are applied to the '''V''' slot of the verb template as seen below.   


Kjaxono verbs have 7 aspects: the ''perfective, momentative, prospective, imperfective, progressive, stative,'' and ''gnomic.'' When included, aspect is marked alongside tense (tense being doubly marked) in the '''6a''' subslot of '''At²''' slot of the verb template as seen below.     
Kjaxono verbs have 4 aspects: the ''Perfective'', ''Habitual'', ''Continuous'', and ''Gnomic.'' When included, aspect is marked alongside tense (tense being doubly marked) in the '''6a''' subslot of '''At²''' slot of the verb template as seen below.     


A unique feature only found in the [..] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, aspect being how an event extends over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise scenarios. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:   
A unique feature only found in the [..] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, aspect being how an event extends over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise scenarios. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:   
Line 68: Line 68:
* '''Aspect'''  
* '''Aspect'''  
** ''[[W:Perfective aspect|Perfective]]''
** ''[[W:Perfective aspect|Perfective]]''
** ''[[W:Momentane|Momentane]]''
** ''Habitual''
** ''[[W:Prospective aspect|Prospective]]''
** ''Continuous''
** ''[[W:Imperfective aspect|Imperfective]]''
** ''Gnomic''
** ''[[W:Continuous and progressive aspects|Progressive]]''
** ''[[W:Grammatical aspect#Terms for various aspects|Stative]]''
** ''[[W:Gnomic aspect|Gnomic]]''
* '''Pattern'''
* '''Pattern'''
** ''Punctual''
** ''Punctual''
Line 252: Line 249:
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" |Non word final
! colspan="3" |Non word final
! rowspan="9" |
! rowspan="6" |
! colspan="2" |Word final
! colspan="2" |Word final
|-
|-
Line 268: Line 265:
| rowspan="2" | -tjǔt
| rowspan="2" | -tjǔt
|-
|-
!Momentane
!Habitual
| colspan="2" | -gja(-)
| colspan="2" | -gja(-)
|-
|-
!Prospective
!Continuous
| -ŋke(-)
| -ŋke(-)
| colspan="2" | -ŋa(-)
| colspan="2" | -ŋa(-)
Line 277: Line 274:
| -ŋjǔt
| -ŋjǔt
|-
|-
!Imperfective
!Gnomic
| -gje(-)
| -gje(-)
| -gje(-)
| -gje(-)
Line 283: Line 280:
| -gju
| -gju
| -gjǔt
| -gjǔt
|-
!Progressive
| -xe(-)
| colspan="2" | -xa(-)
| rowspan="2" | -xju
| -xjǔt
|-
!Stative
| -x̌qe(-)
| colspan="2" | -x̌qǒ(-)
| -x̌ǔt
|-
!Gnomic
| -qxe(-)
| colspan="2" | -qxǒ(-)
| -qu
| -gqǔt
|-
|-
! colspan="7" |Middle voice
! colspan="7" |Middle voice
Line 307: Line 287:
| -de(-)
| -de(-)
| -dǒ(-)
| -dǒ(-)
! rowspan="7" |
! rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="2" | -du
| rowspan="2" | -du
| rowspan="2" | -dǔt
| rowspan="2" | -dǔt
|-
|-
!Momentane
!Habitual
| colspan="2" | -da(-)
| colspan="2" | -da(-)
|-
|-
!Prospective
!Continuous
| -ŋ(-)
| -ŋ(-)
| colspan="2" | -ŋa(-)
| colspan="2" | -ŋa(-)
Line 320: Line 300:
| -ŋǔt
| -ŋǔt
|-
|-
!Imperfective
!Gnomic
| -gj(-)
| -gj(-)
| -gje(-)
| -gje(-)
Line 326: Line 306:
| -gu
| -gu
| -gǔt
| -gǔt
|-
!Progressive
| -x̌(-)
| colspan="2" | -x̌a(-)
| -x̌u
| -x̌ǔt
|-
!Stative
| -x(-)
| colspan="2" | -xe(-)
| -xu
| -xǔt
|-
!Gnomic
| -q(-)
| colspan="2" | -qe(-)
| -qu
| -qǔt
|-
|-
! colspan="7" |Passive voice
! colspan="7" |Passive voice
Line 351: Line 313:
| -deg(-)
| -deg(-)
| -dǒŋ(-)
| -dǒŋ(-)
! rowspan="7" |
! rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="2" | -duŋ
| rowspan="2" | -duŋ
| rowspan="2" | -dǔŋ
| rowspan="2" | -dǔŋ
|-
|-
!Momentane
!Habitual
| colspan="2" | -dag(-)
| colspan="2" | -dag(-)
|-
|-
!Prospective
!Continuous
| rowspan="2" | -ŋe(-)
| rowspan="2" | -ŋe(-)
| colspan="2" | -ŋag(-)
| colspan="2" | -ŋag(-)
Line 364: Line 326:
| -kǔŋ
| -kǔŋ
|-
|-
!Imperfective
!Gnomic
| -geg(-)
| -geg(-)
| -gjǔŋ(-)
| -gjǔŋ(-)
| -guŋ
| -guŋ
| -gǔŋ
| -gǔŋ
|-
!Progressive
| -x̌eŋ(-)
| colspan="2" | -x̌aŋ(-)
| -x̌uŋ
| -x̌ǔŋ
|-
!Stative
| -xaŋ(-)
| colspan="2" | -xeŋ(-)
| -xuŋ
| -xǔŋ
|-
!Gnomic
| -qang(-)
| colspan="2" | -qeng(-)
| -quŋ
| -qǔŋ
|}
|}
Note: the perfect is combined with the nonpast tense word finally. While considered seperate suffixes, voice suffixes change the aspect and tense markings they follow when they appear together. Since this is the case, there are two tables with voice: by themselves, and combined with the aspect and tense suffix. Most aspect and tense combination suffixes display only a past and nonpast/perfect distinction, however the perfective and imperfective do not. The perfective and momentane aspects have merged phonologically in the past tense.
Note: the perfect is combined with the nonpast tense word finally. While considered seperate suffixes, voice suffixes change the aspect and tense markings they follow when they appear together. Since this is the case, there are two tables with voice: by themselves, and combined with the aspect and tense suffix. Most aspect and tense combination suffixes display only a past and nonpast/perfect distinction, however the perfective and imperfective do not. The perfective and momentane aspects have merged phonologically in the past tense.
Line 574: Line 518:


=== Southern objective scale ===
=== Southern objective scale ===
The southern objective scale appears to be majorly defective, being
The southern objective scale appears to be majorly defective with a large amount of features present in the other objective scales being phonologically the same.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Preverb
! colspan="4" |Perfect
! rowspan="2" |Past
! rowspan="2" |Nonpast
|-
!Continuative perfect
!Anterior perfect
!Universal perfect
!Recent perfect
|-
| colspan="2" |ng(ǔ)-
|b-
|e-
| colspan="2" |'''N/A'''
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Tense
! rowspan="8" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Mood
! colspan="3" |Singular
Plural
! rowspan="8" |
! rowspan="2" |"Indefinite"
Marker
|-
!1st
!2nd
!3rd
|-
! rowspan="2" |Past
!Past
|i-
! colspan="2" |Indicative
|'''N/A'''
|c(e)-
| rowspan="2" |k(e)-
| rowspan="6" |''o-''
|-
!Hodiernal
| rowspan="2" |ǔ-
! colspan="2" |Conditional
|x(e)-
|d(e)-
|-
! colspan="2" |Perfect
! colspan="2" |Potential
| rowspan="2" |t(e)-
| rowspan="2" |h(i)-
| rowspan="2" |t(e)-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Nonpast
!Present
|iq-
! colspan="2" |Hypothetical
|-
!Future
|e-
! rowspan="2" |Imperative
!Hard
! rowspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |żj(o)-
|-
| colspan="3" |(Prefixed onto the '''TmpD''' slot)
!Soft
| colspan="2" |cj(o)-
|}
The forms for the singular and plural tenses, and the potential and hypothetical moods have merged in the southern objective scale.


=== Eastern objective scale ===
=== Eastern objective scale ===
Retrieved from "https://lot.icosahedr.online/wiki/Kjaxono_verbs"