Kjaxono verbs: Difference between revisions
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Due to Kjaxono's status as an open class language, newly coined verbs are assigned to each of the two scales depending on their intended transitivity or intransitivity. | Due to Kjaxono's status as an open class language, newly coined verbs are assigned to each of the two scales depending on their intended transitivity or intransitivity. | ||
== Overview == | == Overview == | ||
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|+Kjaxono verb template | |+Kjaxono verb template | ||
! colspan="2" |PrV | ! colspan="2" |PrV | ||
! rowspan="4" | | |||
! colspan="2" |TmpD | ! colspan="2" |TmpD | ||
!E | !E | ||
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! colspan="2" |'''At²''' | ! colspan="2" |'''At²''' | ||
!V | !V | ||
! rowspan="4" | | |||
! colspan="3" |PsVe'''²''' | ! colspan="3" |PsVe'''²''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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In Kjaxono, preverbs serve many functions. In some subscales they are used to differentiate between different tenses (most notably each of the perfect tenses) but they serve other uses as well. The existance of post-verbs universally is highly debated, but they are a prevelant feature of the [...] dialect, and are beginning to be used in mainstream dialects. In most dialects, preverbs only conjugate for the perfect, past, and nonpast tenses; in the hodiernal and present tenses the preverb is usually simply absent. Like how preverbs function, postverbs are also present, usually serving as a postposition. | In Kjaxono, preverbs serve many functions. In some subscales they are used to differentiate between different tenses (most notably each of the perfect tenses) but they serve other uses as well. The existance of post-verbs universally is highly debated, but they are a prevelant feature of the [...] dialect, and are beginning to be used in mainstream dialects. In most dialects, preverbs only conjugate for the perfect, past, and nonpast tenses; in the hodiernal and present tenses the preverb is usually simply absent. Like how preverbs function, postverbs are also present, usually serving as a postposition. | ||
== Transitive scale (Objective scale) == | == Transitive scale (Objective scale) == | ||
As previously stated, the transitive scale is used for transitive verbs and verbs with volition - i.e intent. Due to the fact that there is no marking for volition in Kjaxono, the only way to determine volition in a verb is it's conjugation. | As previously stated, the transitive scale is used for transitive verbs and verbs with volition - i.e intent. Due to the fact that there is no marking for volition in Kjaxono, the only way to determine volition in a verb is it's conjugation. Most transitive scale verbs are paritally defective in tense - in some scenarios, they only conjuate for three tenses, being the past, perfect, and nonpast. | ||
=== Northern objective scale === | === Northern objective scale === | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Note that both the evidentiality and pattern affixes appear in the postverb as well as being affixes within the verb complex. | Note that both the evidentiality and pattern affixes appear in the postverb as well as being affixes within the verb complex. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Aspect and tense suffixes (with voice changes) | |||
! colspan="7" |Active voice | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="3" |Non word final | |||
! rowspan="9" | | |||
! colspan="2" |Word final | |||
|- | |||
!Past | |||
!Perfect | |||
!Nonpast | |||
!Past | |||
!Nonpast | |||
|- | |||
!Perfective | |||
| rowspan="2" | -gje(-) | |||
| -gje(-) | |||
| -gjǒ(-) | |||
| rowspan="2" | -gjut | |||
| rowspan="2" | -tjǔt | |||
|- | |||
!Momentane | |||
| colspan="2" | -gja(-) | |||
|- | |||
!Prospective | |||
| -ŋke(-) | |||
| colspan="2" | -ŋa(-) | |||
| -njut | |||
| -ŋjǔt | |||
|- | |||
!Imperfective | |||
| -gje(-) | |||
| -gje(-) | |||
| -gjǔ(-) | |||
| -gju | |||
| -gjǔt | |||
|- | |||
!Progressive | |||
| -xe(-) | |||
| colspan="2" | -xa(-) | |||
| rowspan="2" | -xju | |||
| -xjǔt | |||
|- | |||
!Stative | |||
| -x̌qe(-) | |||
| colspan="2" | -x̌qǒ(-) | |||
| -x̌ǔt | |||
|- | |||
!Gnomic | |||
| -qxe(-) | |||
| colspan="2" | -qxǒ(-) | |||
| -qu | |||
| -gqǔt | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="7" |Middle voice | |||
|- | |||
!Perfective | |||
| rowspan="2" | -d(-) | |||
| -de(-) | |||
| -dǒ(-) | |||
! rowspan="7" | | |||
| rowspan="2" | -du | |||
| rowspan="2" | -dǔt | |||
|- | |||
!Momentane | |||
| colspan="2" | -da(-) | |||
|- | |||
!Prospective | |||
| -ŋ(-) | |||
| colspan="2" | -ŋa(-) | |||
| -ŋu | |||
| -ŋǔt | |||
|- | |||
!Imperfective | |||
| -gj(-) | |||
| -gje(-) | |||
| -gjǔ(-) | |||
| -gu | |||
| -gǔt | |||
|- | |||
!Progressive | |||
| -x̌(-) | |||
| colspan="2" | -x̌a(-) | |||
| -x̌u | |||
| -x̌ǔt | |||
|- | |||
!Stative | |||
| -x(-) | |||
| colspan="2" | -xe(-) | |||
| -xu | |||
| -xǔt | |||
|- | |||
!Gnomic | |||
| -q(-) | |||
| colspan="2" | -qe(-) | |||
| -qu | |||
| -qǔt | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="7" |Passive voice | |||
|- | |||
!Perfective | |||
| rowspan="2" | -ge(-) | |||
| -deg(-) | |||
| -dǒŋ(-) | |||
! rowspan="7" | | |||
| rowspan="2" | -duŋ | |||
| rowspan="2" | -dǔŋ | |||
|- | |||
!Momentane | |||
| colspan="2" | -dag(-) | |||
|- | |||
!Prospective | |||
| rowspan="2" | -ŋe(-) | |||
| colspan="2" | -ŋag(-) | |||
| -kuŋ | |||
| -kǔŋ | |||
|- | |||
!Imperfective | |||
| -geg(-) | |||
| -gjǔŋ(-) | |||
| -guŋ | |||
| -gǔŋ | |||
|- | |||
!Progressive | |||
| -x̌eŋ(-) | |||
| colspan="2" | -x̌aŋ(-) | |||
| -x̌uŋ | |||
| -x̌ǔŋ | |||
|- | |||
!Stative | |||
| -xaŋ(-) | |||
| colspan="2" | -xeŋ(-) | |||
| -xuŋ | |||
| -xǔŋ | |||
|- | |||
!Gnomic | |||
| -qang(-) | |||
| colspan="2" | -qeng(-) | |||
| -quŋ | |||
| -qǔŋ | |||
|} | |||
Note: the perfect is combined with the nonpast tense word finally. While considered seperate suffixes, voice suffixes change the aspect and tense markings they follow when they appear together. Since this is the case, there are two tables with voice: by themselves, and combined with the aspect and tense suffix. Most aspect and tense combination suffixes display only a past and nonpast/perfect distinction, however the perfective and imperfective do not. The perfective and momentane aspects have merged phonologically in the past tense. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Voice suffixes (by themselves) | |||
|- | |||
!Active | |||
| -ke- | |||
|- | |||
!Middle | |||
| '''N/A''' | |||
|- | |||
!Passive | |||
| -mǐg | |||
|} | |||
=== Southern objective scale === | === Southern objective scale === | ||
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=== Eastern nonobjective scale === | === Eastern nonobjective scale === | ||
== Examples == | |||
== Irregular verbs == | == Irregular verbs == | ||
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=== To have === | === To have === | ||
=== To | === To make === | ||
=== To say === | |||
=== To | === To go === | ||
=== To | === To see === | ||