Kjaxono verbs: Difference between revisions
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Kjaxono verbs have 5 main tenses: the ''past, hodiernal, present, perfect,'' and ''future''. The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb. Otherwise, the perfect tense takes the same conjugation as the present, lacking a tense affix. Tense is applied to the '''2a''' subslot of the '''TmpD''' slot, and the '''6b''' subslot of the '''At²''' slot only if aspect is also expressed. Tense is also sometimes applied on the '''1b''' subslot of the '''PrV''' slot. | Kjaxono verbs have 5 main tenses: the ''past, hodiernal, present, perfect,'' and ''future''. The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb. Otherwise, the perfect tense takes the same conjugation as the present, lacking a tense affix. Tense is applied to the '''2a''' subslot of the '''TmpD''' slot, and the '''6b''' subslot of the '''At²''' slot only if aspect is also expressed. Tense is also sometimes applied on the '''1b''' subslot of the '''PrV''' slot. | ||
Kjaxono verbs have 5 moods: the ''indicative, conditional, potential, hypothetical,'' and ''imperative''. The imperative mood specifically has two seperate submoods: the hard and soft. Typically, the hard imperative is used by people of higher social classes to people of lower social status. Some examples of this would be an employer to an employee, by parents to children, etc. The soft imperative is used far more commonly, and acts as a more polite and formal version of the latter. Mood is applied to the '''2b''' subslot of the '''TmpD''' slot of the verb template as seen below. | Kjaxono verbs have 5 moods: the ''indicative, conditional, potential, hypothetical,'' and ''imperative''. The imperative mood specifically has two seperate submoods: the hard and soft. Typically, the hard imperative is used by people of higher social classes to people of lower social status. Some examples of this would be an employer to an employee, by parents to children, etc. The soft imperative is used far more commonly, and acts as a more polite and formal version of the latter. Mood is applied to the '''2b''' subslot of the '''TmpD''' slot of the verb template as seen below. Moods are marked in combination with person. As a result, one does not necessarily need a pronoun at the start of the phrase to make sense. | ||
Kjaxono verbs have 3 evidentialities: the ''direct, reportative,'' and ''assumptive''. The direct is employed when the speaker has directly witnessed the event being discussed. The reportative is employed when the speaker is reporting the event, but has not actually witnessed the event themselves. Finally, the assumptive is employed when the speaker is assuming the event being discussed occured. Evidentiality is applied to the '''E''' and '''8b''' subslot of the '''PsVe²''' slot; this means that evidentiality is doubly marked. When evidentiality is conjugated for, a postverb follows. | Kjaxono verbs have 3 evidentialities: the ''direct, reportative,'' and ''assumptive''. The direct is employed when the speaker has directly witnessed the event being discussed. The reportative is employed when the speaker is reporting the event, but has not actually witnessed the event themselves. Finally, the assumptive is employed when the speaker is assuming the event being discussed occured. Evidentiality is applied to the '''E''' and '''8b''' subslot of the '''PsVe²''' slot; this means that evidentiality is doubly marked. When evidentiality is conjugated for, a postverb follows. | ||
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* The '''fragmentative pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, but in short bursts, or fragments, with the length of time between each event being irregular. The fragmentative pattern is occasionally considered a subpattern within the irregularitive pattern, but this article will treat the fragmentative pattern as a seperate pattern. | * The '''fragmentative pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, but in short bursts, or fragments, with the length of time between each event being irregular. The fragmentative pattern is occasionally considered a subpattern within the irregularitive pattern, but this article will treat the fragmentative pattern as a seperate pattern. | ||
Pattern is indicated both as a suffix occuring in the 5a slot of the verb template as shown below, and in the 8c slot. In other words, if pattern is included within the verb, a postverb must follow. | Pattern is indicated both as a suffix occuring in the '''5a''' slot of the verb template as shown below, and in the '''8c''' substot of the '''PsVe² slot.'''. In other words, if pattern is included within the verb, a postverb must follow. | ||
In total, Kjaxono verbs conjugate for the following: | In total, Kjaxono verbs conjugate for the following: | ||
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== Transitive scale (Objective scale) == | == Transitive scale (Objective scale) == | ||
As previously stated, the transitive scale is used for transitive verbs and verbs with volition - i.e intent. Due to the fact that there is no marking for volition in Kjaxono, the only way to determine volition in a verb is it's conjugation. | |||
=== Northern objective scale === | === Northern objective scale === | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Preverb tenses | |+Preverb tenses | ||
! colspan="4" |Perfect | ! colspan="4" |Perfect | ||
! rowspan="2" |Past | ! rowspan="2" |Past | ||
! rowspan="2" |Nonpast | ! rowspan="2" |Nonpast | ||
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Mood | ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Mood | ||
! colspan="3" |Singular | ! colspan="3" |Singular | ||
! colspan="3" |Plural | ! colspan="3" |Plural | ||
! rowspan="8" | | ! rowspan="8" | | ||
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| rowspan="2" |ŋj(e)- | | rowspan="2" |ŋj(e)- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! colspan="2" |Perfect | ||
| rowspan="2" |'''N/A''' | | rowspan="2" |'''N/A''' | ||
! colspan="2" |Potential | ! colspan="2" |Potential | ||
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|t(e)- | |t(e)- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! rowspan="2" |Nonpast | ||
!Present | |||
! colspan="2" |Hypothetical | ! colspan="2" |Hypothetical | ||
|h(i) | |h(i) | ||
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| -ng- | | -ng- | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Pattern suffixes | |+Pattern suffixes | ||
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| -te(-) | | -te(-) | ||
|} | |} | ||
Note that both the evidentiality and pattern affixes appear in the postverb as well as being affixes within the verb complex. | |||
=== Southern objective scale === | === Southern objective scale === | ||