Kjaxono verbs: Difference between revisions

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In the [[Cjaingi Omacili]], scales (Gqabakjoŋ /ɢa.'ba.kʲoŋ/ in [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]]) and subscales (Kangakjoŋ /ka.ɴa.kʲoŋ/) are described as so:

~~<code>~~"[...] it [Scales] [is] the system in verbs in which we classify, organize, and differentiate between the verbs in which take objects and not, to ensure that [subscales] see the lines and draw correctly in their wake [...]" ''(Page 291-292)''~~</code>~~

''"[...] it [Scales] [is] the system in verbs in which we classify, organize, and differentiate between the verbs in which take objects and not, to ensure that [subscales] see the lines and draw correctly in their wake [...]" (Page 291-292)''

In Kjaxono, two types of scales are used: the transitive and intransitive. The transitive scale is used primarily for transitive verbs, aswell as with volitive verbs. The intransitive scale, meanwhile, is used for intransitive verbs and involitive verbs. Translated from the [[Cjaingi Omacili]], the two scales in Kjaxono translate as the ''Objective scale'', and ''Non-objective'' (or ''anti-objective'') scale respectively. The objective scale and non-objective scale are what these are referred to by most linguists in [[Xjetjeŋ]]. The three subscales within are called the ''northern'' (qahaż), ''eastern'' (iemaqaż), and ''western'' (eameqeż) subscales. The northern subscale refers to verbs of any scale that start with front vowels, the eastern subscale refers to verbs of any scale that start with back vowels, and the western subscale refers to verbs that starts with consonants.

Due to Kjaxono's status as an open class language, newly coined verbs are assigned to each of the two scales depending on their intended transitivity or intransitivity.

== Specific terminology ==

== Overview ==

Kjaxono verbs are ~~usually~~ constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features.

Kjaxono verbs are constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features.

Kjaxono verbs have 5 main tenses: the ''past, hodiernal, present, perfect,'' and ''future''. The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb. Otherwise, the perfect tense takes the same conjugation as the present, lacking a tense affix.

Kjaxono verbs have 5 moods: the ''indicative, conditional, potential, hypothetical,'' and ''imperative''. The imperative mood specifically has two seperate submoods: the hard and soft. Typically, the hard imperative is used by people of higher social classes to people of lower social status. Some examples of this would be an employer to an employee, by parents to children, etc. The soft imperative is used far more commonly, and acts as a more polite and formal version of the latter.

Kjaxono ~~has 5 main tenses,~~ the ''~~past, hodiernal, present~~, ~~perfect~~,'' and ''~~future~~''. The ~~''perfect tense''~~ has ~~5 different forms, of which are conveyed via~~ the ~~preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template~~. The ~~individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves~~, but ~~they do~~ not ~~vary morphologically except in~~ the ~~preverb~~. ~~Otherwise~~, the ~~perfect tense takes~~ the ~~same conjugation as~~ the ~~present~~, ~~lacking~~ a ~~tense affix~~.

Kjaxono verbs have 3 evidentialities: the ''direct, reportative,'' and ''assumptive''. The direct is employed when the speaker has directly witnessed the event being discussed. The reportative is employed when the speaker is reporting the event, but has not actually witnessed the event themselves. Finally, the assumptive is employed when the speaker is assuming the event being discussed occured. Evidentiality is applied to the '''E''' and '''8b''' subslot of the '''PsVe²''' slot; this means that evidentiality is doubly marked. When evidentiality is conjugated for, a postverb follows.

Kjaxono ~~has 5 moods,~~ the ''~~indicative, conditional, potential, hypothetical~~,'' and ''~~imperative~~''. ~~The imperative mood specifically has two seperate submoods:~~ the ~~hard and soft. Typically,~~ the hard imperative is used by people of higher social classes to people of lower social status. Some examples of this would be an employer to an employee, by parents to children, etc. The soft imperative is used far more commonly, and acts as ~~a more polite and formal version of the latter~~.

Whilst usually conveyed via word order, Kjaxono verbs have 3 voices: the ''active, middle'', and ''passive''. They are applied to the '''V''' slot of the verb template as seen below.

Kjaxono ~~has 3 main types of evidentiality,~~ the ''~~direct~~, ~~reportative~~,'' and ''~~assumptive~~''~~. The direct~~ is ~~employed when the speaker has directly witnessed the event~~ being ~~discussed. The reportative is employed when~~ the ~~speaker is reporting the event, but has not actually witnessed~~ the ~~event themselves. Finally, the assumptive is employed when the speaker is assuming the event being discussed occured~~.

Kjaxono verbs have 7 aspects: the ''perfective, momentative, prospective, imperfective, progressive, stative,'' and ''gnomic.'' When included, aspect is marked alongside tense (tense being doubly marked) in the '''At²''' slot of the verb template as seen below.

A unique feature only found in the [..] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, aspect being how an event extends over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise scenarios. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:

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Pattern is indicated both as a suffix occuring in the 5a slot of the verb template as shown below, and in the 8c slot. In other words, if pattern is included within the verb, a postverb must follow.

~~The following list shows in~~ total ~~what~~ Kjaxono verbs ~~can~~ conjugate for.

In total, Kjaxono verbs conjugate for the following:

* '''Person'''

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|''p(ǔ)-''

|''b(ǔ)-''

|''e~~(i)~~-''

|''e-''

|''n-''

|}

{| class="wikitable"

|+Tense and mood prefixes

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tense

! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Tense

! rowspan="8" |

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Mood

! colspan="3" |Singular

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!3rd

|-

! rowspan="2" |Past

!Past

|''i-''

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| rowspan="2" |''ŋj(e)-''

|-

! rowspan="3" |Nonpast

!Present

| rowspan="2" |'''''N/A'''''

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|''h(i)''

|''hŋ(i)-''

|''mq(i)-''

|''rq(i)-''

|''ŋj(u)-''

|''mj(i)-''

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| colspan="2" |''qż(o)-''

|-

| colspan="2" |''Prefixed onto the ~~T&M prefix~~''

| colspan="3" |(Prefixed onto the '''TmpD''' slot)

!Soft

| colspan="2" |''c(o)-''

| colspan="2" |''~~qac~~(o)-''

| colspan="2" |''gqż(o)-''

|}

In addition, all tenses excluding the present triggers vowel gradation, turning the final vowel of the verb stem into /a/. In this example, aqaǔŋ would turn into aqaaŋ /aqa.'aŋ/.

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|-

!Direct

| -tj-

| -x̌q-

|-

!Reportative

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| -ng-

|}

Note that these prefixes combine with markings on the postverb

Note that these evidentiality prefixes combine with markings on the postverb.

{| class="wikitable"

|+Pattern suffixes

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 In the [[Cjaingi Omacili]], scales (Gqabakjoŋ /ɢa.'ba.kʲoŋ/ in [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]]) and subscales (Kangakjoŋ /ka.ɴa.kʲoŋ/) are described as so:
-<code>"[...] it [Scales] [is] the system in verbs in which we classify, organize, and differentiate between the verbs in which take objects and not, to ensure that [subscales] see the lines and draw correctly in their wake [...]" ''(Page 291-292)''</code>
+''"[...] it [Scales] [is] the system in verbs in which we classify, organize, and differentiate between the verbs in which take objects and not, to ensure that [subscales] see the lines and draw correctly in their wake [...]" (Page 291-292)''
 In Kjaxono, two types of scales are used: the transitive and intransitive. The transitive scale is used primarily for transitive verbs, aswell as with volitive verbs. The intransitive scale, meanwhile, is used for intransitive verbs and involitive verbs. Translated from the [[Cjaingi Omacili]], the two scales in Kjaxono translate as the ''Objective scale'', and ''Non-objective'' (or ''anti-objective'') scale respectively. The objective scale and non-objective scale are what these are referred to by most linguists in [[Xjetjeŋ]]. The three subscales within are called the  ''northern'' (qahaż), ''eastern'' (iemaqaż), and ''western'' (eameqeż) subscales. The northern subscale refers to verbs of any scale that start with front vowels, the eastern subscale refers to verbs of any scale that start with back vowels, and the western subscale refers to verbs that starts with consonants.
+Due to Kjaxono's status as an open class language, newly coined verbs are assigned to each of the two scales depending on their intended transitivity or intransitivity.
 == Specific terminology ==
 == Overview ==
-Kjaxono verbs are usually constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features.
+Kjaxono verbs are constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features.
+Kjaxono verbs have 5 main tenses: the ''past, hodiernal, present, perfect,'' and ''future''. The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb. Otherwise, the perfect tense takes the same conjugation as the present, lacking a tense affix.
+Kjaxono verbs have 5 moods: the ''indicative, conditional, potential, hypothetical,'' and ''imperative''. The imperative mood specifically has two seperate submoods: the hard and soft. Typically, the hard imperative is used by people of higher social classes to people of lower social status. Some examples of this would be an employer to an employee, by parents to children, etc. The soft imperative is used far more commonly, and acts as a more polite and formal version of the latter.
-Kjaxono has 5 main tenses, the ''past, hodiernal, present, perfect,'' and ''future''. The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb. Otherwise, the perfect tense takes the same conjugation as the present, lacking a tense affix.
+Kjaxono verbs have 3 evidentialities: the ''direct, reportative,'' and ''assumptive''. The direct is employed when the speaker has directly witnessed the event being discussed. The reportative is employed when the speaker is reporting the event, but has not actually witnessed the event themselves. Finally, the assumptive is employed when the speaker is assuming the event being discussed occured. Evidentiality is applied to the '''E''' and '''8b''' subslot of the '''PsVe²''' slot; this means that evidentiality is doubly marked. When evidentiality is conjugated for, a postverb follows.
-Kjaxono has 5 moods, the ''indicative, conditional, potential, hypothetical,'' and ''imperative''. The imperative mood specifically has two seperate submoods: the hard and soft. Typically, the hard imperative is used by people of higher social classes to people of lower social status. Some examples of this would be an employer to an employee, by parents to children, etc. The soft imperative is used far more commonly, and acts as a more polite and formal version of the latter.
+Whilst usually conveyed via word order, Kjaxono verbs have 3 voices: the ''active, middle'', and ''passive''. They are applied to the '''V''' slot of the verb template as seen below.
-Kjaxono has 3 main types of evidentiality, the ''direct, reportative,'' and ''assumptive''. The direct is employed when the speaker has directly witnessed the event being discussed. The reportative is employed when the speaker is reporting the event, but has not actually witnessed the event themselves. Finally, the assumptive is employed when the speaker is assuming the event being discussed occured.
+Kjaxono verbs have 7 aspects: the ''perfective, momentative, prospective, imperfective, progressive, stative,'' and ''gnomic.'' When included, aspect is marked alongside tense (tense being doubly marked) in the '''At²''' slot of the verb template as seen below.
 A unique feature only found in the [..] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, aspect being how an event extends over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise scenarios. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:
@@ Line 30: / Line 36: @@
 Pattern is indicated both as a suffix occuring in the 5a slot of the verb template as shown below, and in the 8c slot. In other words, if pattern is included within the verb, a postverb must follow.
-The following list shows in total what Kjaxono verbs can conjugate for.
+In total, Kjaxono verbs conjugate for the following:
 * '''Person'''
@@ Line 145: / Line 151: @@
 |''p(ǔ)-''
 |''b(ǔ)-''
-|''e(i)-''
+|''e-''
 |''n-''
 |}
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+Tense and mood prefixes
-! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tense
+! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Tense
+! rowspan="8" |
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Mood
 ! colspan="3" |Singular
@@ Line 166: / Line 173: @@
 !3rd
 |-
+! rowspan="2" |Past
 !Past
 |''i-''
@@ Line 185: / Line 193: @@
 | rowspan="2" |''ŋj(e)-''
 |-
+! rowspan="3" |Nonpast
 !Present
 | rowspan="2" |'''''N/A'''''
@@ Line 197: / Line 206: @@
 |''h(i)''
 |''hŋ(i)-''
-|''mq(i)-''
+|''rq(i)-''
 |''ŋj(u)-''
 |''mj(i)-''
@@ Line 210: / Line 219: @@
 | colspan="2" |''qż(o)-''
 |-
-| colspan="2" |''Prefixed onto the T&M prefix''
+| colspan="3" |(Prefixed onto the '''TmpD''' slot)
 !Soft
 | colspan="2" |''c(o)-''
-| colspan="2" |''qac(o)-''
+| colspan="2" |''gqż(o)-''
 |}
 In addition, all tenses excluding the present triggers vowel gradation, turning the final vowel of the verb stem into /a/. In this example, aqaǔŋ would turn into aqaaŋ /aqa.'aŋ/.
@@ Line 220: / Line 229: @@
 |-
 !Direct
-| -tj-
+| -x̌q-
 |-
 !Reportative
@@ Line 228: / Line 237: @@
 | -ng-
 |}
-Note that these prefixes combine with markings on the postverb
+Note that these evidentiality prefixes combine with markings on the postverb.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+Pattern suffixes