Kjaxono language: Difference between revisions
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== Grammar == | == Grammar == | ||
Kjaxono is a decisively agglutinative language, with plentiful fusional and polysynthetic characteristics. Kjaxono, along with other languages of the [...] language family comprise the only example of languages with a morphosyntactic alignment of ''transitive-intransitive'' - with the agent of an intransitive verb being inflected for an intransitive case. This feature is one of the most notorious features of Kjaxono. Otherwise, Kjaxono nouns rather simply decline for '''2 cases''' - ''transitive'' and ''intransitive,'' as previously stated | Kjaxono is a decisively agglutinative language, with plentiful fusional and polysynthetic characteristics. Kjaxono, along with other languages of the [...] language family comprise the only example of languages with a morphosyntactic alignment of ''transitive-intransitive'' - with the agent of an intransitive verb being inflected for an intransitive case. This feature is one of the most notorious features of Kjaxono. Otherwise, Kjaxono nouns rather simply decline for only '''2 cases''' - ''transitive'' and ''intransitive,'' as previously stated. In addition, while not explicitely inflected, Kjaxono nouns also have '''2 numbers''' - ''singular'' and ''plural.'' Kjaxono has three grammatical genders, of which are called ''types'' by Kjaxono linguists. These genders are usually referred to as ''Kjai'', ''Umare'', and ''Rubin.'' Kjaxono has six articles, accounting for definiteness/indefiniteness, and Kjaxono's three genders. These articles are suffixed onto the end of the nouns they modify. | ||
Verbs are the most inflecting part of speech in Kjaxono - see '''[[Kjaxono language#Verbal system|§6 Verbal System]]'''. | Verbs are the most inflecting part of speech in Kjaxono - see '''[[Kjaxono language#Verbal system|§6 Verbal System]]'''. | ||
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=== Nouns === | === Nouns === | ||
Kjaxono nouns inflect for two cases | As stated previously, Kjaxono nouns inflect for two cases, and 2 numbers. The '''transitive case''' is unmarked, and marks the subject of a transitive verb. The '''intransitive case''' is marked by the suffix ''-(ie)b''. The intransitive case marks the subject of an intransitive verb. The intransitive cases sometimes takes slightly different marking based on the final phonemes of the noun it is attached to. Generally, if the noun ends with 2 or less consonants, only -b is attached; otherwise, -ieb is attached. Grammatical number is marked via the addition of a numeral ''one'' or ''two'' after the noun, for the singular and plural numbers respectively. In addition, if an article is attached onto a noun, the noun changes slightly to agree with the article's gender. | ||
== Verbal system == | == Verbal system == | ||
Revision as of 07:30, 3 July 2024
Kjaxono is a language belonging to the [placeholder?] language family, primarily spoken in [South Bellic Zone] and in small communities across Brausia.
Etymology
History
Phonology
Consonants
Kjaxono's consonant inventory of 41 phonemes is typical of other [...] languages, featuring a palatalized distinction in most of it's consonants, and rich employment of uvular sounds.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Palatalized | Plain | Palatalized | Plain | Palatalized | ||||
| Nasal | m | mʲ | n | nʲ | ŋ | ŋʲ | ɴ | ||
| Plosive | Unvoiced | p | pʲ | t | tʲ | k | kʲ | q | ʔ |
| Voiced | b | d | g | gʲ | ɢ | ||||
| Affricate | Unvoiced | ts | tsʲ | kx | kxʲ | qχ | |||
| Voiced | bβ | dz | dzʲ | ||||||
| Fricative | Unvoiced | s | sʲ | x | xʲ | χ | h | ||
| Voiced | β | z | zʲ | ʁ | |||||
| Liquid | l | ʎ | ʀ | ||||||
Vowels
Allophony
Orthography
Grammar
Kjaxono is a decisively agglutinative language, with plentiful fusional and polysynthetic characteristics. Kjaxono, along with other languages of the [...] language family comprise the only example of languages with a morphosyntactic alignment of transitive-intransitive - with the agent of an intransitive verb being inflected for an intransitive case. This feature is one of the most notorious features of Kjaxono. Otherwise, Kjaxono nouns rather simply decline for only 2 cases - transitive and intransitive, as previously stated. In addition, while not explicitely inflected, Kjaxono nouns also have 2 numbers - singular and plural. Kjaxono has three grammatical genders, of which are called types by Kjaxono linguists. These genders are usually referred to as Kjai, Umare, and Rubin. Kjaxono has six articles, accounting for definiteness/indefiniteness, and Kjaxono's three genders. These articles are suffixed onto the end of the nouns they modify.
Verbs are the most inflecting part of speech in Kjaxono - see §6 Verbal System.
Pronouns
| Singular | Plural | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-person | Second-person | Third-person | First-person | Second-person | Third-person | |||||
| Kjai | Umare | Rubin | Kjai | Umare | Rubin | |||||
| Transitive | ce | ǐŋce | kjace | hamce | żoxe | cet | ǐŋcet | kjacet | hamcet | żoxet |
| Intransitive | ceb | ǐŋbe | kjabǒ | hamǒcb | żǒxbe | ceżt | ǐŋbet | kjabǒt | hamǒżt | żǒxbet |
Nouns
As stated previously, Kjaxono nouns inflect for two cases, and 2 numbers. The transitive case is unmarked, and marks the subject of a transitive verb. The intransitive case is marked by the suffix -(ie)b. The intransitive case marks the subject of an intransitive verb. The intransitive cases sometimes takes slightly different marking based on the final phonemes of the noun it is attached to. Generally, if the noun ends with 2 or less consonants, only -b is attached; otherwise, -ieb is attached. Grammatical number is marked via the addition of a numeral one or two after the noun, for the singular and plural numbers respectively. In addition, if an article is attached onto a noun, the noun changes slightly to agree with the article's gender.
Verbal system
See main article: Kjaxono verbs
Verbs are the most complex part of speech in Kjaxono. It is by far the most difficult aspect of Kjaxono for new speakers of the language to learn, due its system-wide irregularity and general difficulty. Oftentimes, conjugation can encode all of the information needed to parse a sentence. The verbal system of Kjaxono consists of 5 different conjugations, which are called systems by most linguists. Kjaxono verbs conjugate for 4 tenses - past, hodiernal, present, and future - 7 aspects - perfective, momentane, prospective, imperfective, progressive, stative, and gnomic - 4 moods - indicative, conditional, potential, and hypothetical - 3 types of evidence - direct, reportative, and assumptive - and 3 voices - active, middle, and passive. A feature not present in any other language aside from other languages within the [...] language family is the optional marking of definiteness and or indefiniteness (in regards to person, see the main Kjaxono verb article) within Kjaxono systems. Hard to define, they can mark for extremely specific scenarios with little equivelant in any other language. All together, Kjaxono verbs have by far the most inflection and nuance of any part of speech in Kjaxono.
Due to the complexity of the subject, Kjaxono's verbal system entails its own seperate article.