Hngatil grammar: Difference between revisions
imported>Photosynthesis bisectors |
imported>Photosynthesis bisectors |
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# '''Optative''' - used for actions that the speaker wishes, assumes, or hopes to occur | # '''Optative''' - used for actions that the speaker wishes, assumes, or hopes to occur | ||
# '''Presumptive''' - used for actions that are presumed or theorized to happen based on prior evidence, or reasoning - usually has a future implication | # '''Presumptive''' - used for actions that are presumed or theorized to happen based on prior evidence, or reasoning - usually has a future implication | ||
# ''' | # '''Inferential''' - used for referring to actions that the speaker has not personally witnessed, and has inferred to have happened based on prior evidence, or reasoning. - usually has a past implication | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Mood inflection | |+Mood inflection | ||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
|''llat'(a)-'' | |''llat'(a)-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Inferential | ||
|''dbat'(a)-'' | |''dbat'(a)-'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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!Solid object | !Solid object | ||
|SO | |SO | ||
| rowspan="2" | ''-(a) | | rowspan="2" | ''-(a)typ(a-)'' | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Elevated object | ||
| | |EO | ||
| rowspan="2" | ''-(a)ki(i)'' | | rowspan="2" | ''-(a)ki(i)(-)'' | ||
| | | | ||
|Chair, table, plane, kali, etc. | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Slender | !Slender object | ||
|SFI | |SFI | ||
|''Stem change'' | |''Stem change'' | ||
| | |Rope, flagpole, etc. | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Load object | !Load object | ||
|LO | |LO | ||
| rowspan="3" |''-(a)pi(i)'' | | rowspan="3" |''-(a)pi(i)(-)'' | ||
| | | | ||
|Backpack, sack, etc. | |Backpack, sack, etc. | ||
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!Animate object | !Animate object | ||
|AO | |AO | ||
| rowspan="2" |''-(a)k'u(u)'' | | rowspan="2" |''-(a)k'u(u)(-)'' | ||
| | | | ||
|Kali, human, etc. | |Kali, human, etc. | ||
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There are several aspects that share the same suffix; an example being the stative and gnomic aspects, both being marked by ''-(a)ngmatk.'' | There are several aspects that share the same suffix; an example being the stative and gnomic aspects, both being marked by ''-(a)ngmatk.'' | ||
=== Irregular verbs === | === Irregular and defective verbs === | ||
Many Hngatil verbs, particularly the most common verbs, are irregular and defective in aspects marking. | |||
== Nouns == | == Nouns == | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!Ergative | !Ergative | ||
| | |''-(a)gbu(u)'' | ||
| | |''-(a)gbi(i)'' | ||
| | |''-(a)kpi(i)'' | ||
| | |''-(a)k'i(i)'' | ||
| | |''-(a)kit'i(i)'' | ||
| | |''-(a)kpi(i)'' | ||
| | |''-(a)k'a'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Absolutive | !Absolutive | ||
! colspan="4" |∅ | ! colspan="4" |∅ | ||
| | |''-(a)typu(u)'' | ||
! colspan="2" |∅ | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" |∅ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Genitive | !Genitive | ||
| | | colspan="3" |''-(a)bbi(i)'' | ||
| | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" |''-(a)gga'' | ||
| | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" |''-(a)llu(u)t'a'' | ||
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |''-(a)pi(i)hla'' | |||
| | |||
| rowspan="2" | | |||
| rowspan="2" | | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Dative | !Dative | ||
| | | colspan="4" |''-(a)t'a'' | ||
|''-p'i(i)kpa'' | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Semblative | !Semblative | ||
| | |''da(k)-'' | ||
| | |''t'a(k)-'' | ||
| | |''t'u(u)(k)-'' | ||
| | |''t'a(l)-'' | ||
| | |''-p'i(i)k''' | ||
| | |''-da'' | ||
| | |''-t'a'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Abessive | !Abessive | ||
| | |''-(a)gbi(i)r'' | ||
| | |''-(a)gbi(i)k''' | ||
| | |''-(a)kpi(i)k''' | ||
| | |''-(a)kpat''' | ||
| | |''-(a)gbi(i)'' | ||
| | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" |''-gbi(i)'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Essive | !Essive | ||
| | | colspan="3" rowspan="1" |''-(i(i))dda'' | ||
|''-(i(i))ggai(i)'' | |||
| | |''-(i(i))nga'' | ||
| | |''-dda'' | ||
| | |''-gga'' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Translative | !Translative | ||
| | | colspan="4" rowspan="1" |''-(a)na'' | ||
|''-(a)nak'i(i)'' | |||
|''-nak'a'' | |||
| | |''-ni(i)k'i(i)'' | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||