Pataxea

Nekealiges Pataxea, often shortened to Pataxea (Azkali: Noazkalai Patua) and variously referred to as Proto-Azkali, Ancient Azkali, and Archaic Azkali, is the ancestor of the modern Azkali language, which arose in Yamahat and Azkali after diffusing there from [northern continent]. Pataxea is perhaps the oldest extant language

Morphology

Verbs

Overview

The most basic categorization for Pataxea verbs is the aspect. Contrary to the name, Pataxea aspect actually represents a form of lexical aspect, of which there are three:

• stative: verbs that depict a state of being, with an indefinite or absent beginning or end.
• active: verbs that depict an action, with a definite beginning but an indefinite end.
• eventive: verbs that depict an action, with a definite beginning and end.

Pataxea verbs behaved differently, and indeed conjugated differently based on their aspect. Several strategies existed to switch a verb one aspect to another, most commonly by auxiliary verbs or suffixes. Verbs have three moods:

• indicative: the default mood, indicating that something is a statement of fact.
• subjunctive: used to represent various states of unreality like assumption, emotion, obligation, opinion, possibility, etc.
• optative: used to indicate wish or hope.

Verbs have four tenses:

• non-past: used for actions not in the past; equivalent to a present tense.
• future: used for actions that will happen in the future.
• past: used for actions that previously occurred.
• far-past: used for actions that previously occurred long ago, for timeless states of being, and other various uses.

Verbs have three grammatical voices:

• active: used when the subject of the clause is the verb's agent.
• passive: used when the subject of the clause is the verb's patient.
• reciprocal: used when both participants take the role of agent and patient in respect to each other.

There is also a category unique to Pataxea and Azkali, called version. Version is semantically diverse and can either add abstract meaning to a verb stem or provide additional information to the verb, including causality, accompaniment, and so on. Azkali's version system is much fuller than Pataxea's version system.

Verbs have three grammatical persons, the first, second, and third. The third person is subdivided into the masculine, feminine, and neutral. There is no distinction made between grammatical number.Pataxea verbal morphology is in general substantially less complicated than Azkali verbal morphology: unlike in Azkali, in which all verbs can conjugate for the full spectrum of tense, mood, persons, etc, only a very small subset of Pataxea verbs can. The verbs that can conjugate like this are called synthetic verbs, while the rest are called periphrastic (verbs). The only synthetic Pataxea verbs are is (to be), ia (to have), ahha (to do), eiexe (to have), reas (to run), and ea (to give). In Pataxea, the sentence Kre saxanerel sarieak translates to "I ate with him". This can be broken down into:

Kre		saxan	erel		sa	ri	ea	k
first person singular ergative pronoun		stem	past participle		third person singular masculine absolutive affix	past tense stem of is	accompaniment verbal version	first person singular ergative affix
I		eaten			he	was	with	I

Periphrastic verbs

Periphrastic verbs form the vast majority of Pataxea verbs. They are called periphrastic verbs because they require synthetic verbs, which essentially act as auxiliary verbs, in order to conjugate for the full spectrum of tense, moods, persons, etc. The most common auxiliary verbs of this type are is (to be), ia (to have), and ahha (to do). Periphrastic verbs only take non-finite conjugation, which include participles, the infinitive, and an agentive suffix. The primary suffixes of these types are:

		Vowel ending	Consonant ending
Infinitive		-n	-en
Agentive		-na	-a
Participle	Far-past	-xs	-eaxs
	Past	-rel	-erel
	Non-past	-sa	-esa
	Future	-rek	-erek

It can be seen in this example that periphrastic verbs take tense marking when placed in the participle, and while ungrammatical, it is technically possible to parse a sentence without a synthetic auxiliary verb. These suffixes are also occasionally used in the creation of nouns: for example, the Pataxea word titakaina, meaning author, is derived from tita, to read, and the agentive suffix -na.

The so called "secondary suffixes" are rarer participle suffixes for certain periphrastic verbs. A list of these secondary suffixes are shown below:

List of secondary participle suffixes

		Vowel ending	Consonant ending	Notes
-xi	Far-past	-xas	-exas	-xi is used for most, but not all, verbs of a stative (i.e describing states of being, such as permanent qualities) lexical aspects. It is the participle of is.
	Past	-xel	-exel
	Non-past	-xi	-exi
	Future	-xik	-exik
-bi	Far-past	-bas	-ebas	-bi is used for many obligatory verbal actions, which includes working, eating, drinking, etc. It is the participle of ea.
	Past	-bel	-ebel
	Non-past	-bi	-ebi
	Future	-bik	-ebik
-bal	Far-past	-bez	-ebez	-bol is used for some verbs of a eventive (i.e describing short, single events) lexical aspects. It is the participle of reas and ia.
	Past	-bel	-ebel
	Non-past	-bal	-ebal
	Future	-bak	-ebak
-bes	Far past	-beas	-ebeas
	Past	-beal	-ebeal
	Nonpast	-bes	-ebes
-sag	Far past	-ses	-eses
	Past	-seg	-eseg
	Nonpast	-sag	-asag
-kua	Far past	-kas	-akas
	Past	-kual	-akual
	Nonpast	-kua	-akua
-aiz	Far past	-az	-naz
	Past	-eiz	-neiz
	Nonpast	-aiz	-naiz
-leid	Far past	-lad	-alad
	Past	-ledua	-eledua
	Nonpast	-leid	-eleid
-maki	Far past	-masi	-amasi
	Past	-meki	-emeki
	Nonpast	-maki	-amaki
-mid	Far past	-mes	-emes
	Past	-med	-emed
	Nonpast	-mid	-amid
-miz	Far past	-mes	-emes
	Past	-med	-emed
	Nonpast	-miz	-emiz

Compound verb constructions

Almost all Pataxea phrases contain compound verbal constructions, formed with a periphrastic verb placed most often in the participle, followed by a conjugated synthetic verb. Different combinations of periphrastic verb inflection and synthetic conjugation can combine to form a rich array of inflection, far more than can be expressed in synthetic verbs alone. These periphrastic conjugations can include compound tenses, different moods, verbal aspects, and so on. A non-exhaustive list of these periphrastic conjugations follows:

Some periphrastic forms

Tense	Form	Examples	Notes
Present simple	(periphrastic non-past participle) + synthetic non-past tense	nis 'I am' tis 'You are' kis 'They/it are/is' chixrua nis 'I am cold' tachixi nis 'I read' naikebi nis 'I work'
Present habitual	(periphrastic non-past participle) + present of ia (have)	chixrua nia 'I am usually cold' tachixi nia 'I usually read' naikebi nia 'I usually work'
Gnomic	(periphrastic non-past participle) + far past of is (be)	chixrua nasis 'I am cold' tachixi nasis 'I read' naikebi nasis 'I work'
Present continuative	(periphrastic non-past participle) + synthetic non-past tense +

Synthetic verbs

Synthetic verbs represent the most complicated portion of Pataxea morphology. As stated previously, synthetic verbs conjugate for tense, mood, voice, person, and version, unlike periphrastic verbs. There are only six synthetic verbs: is (to be), ia (to have), ahha (to do), eiexe (to have), reas (to run), and ea (to give).