Pataxea

Nekealiges Pataxea, often shortened to Pataxea (Azkali: Noazkalai Patua) and variously referred to as Proto-Azkali, Ancient Azkali, and Archaic Azkali, is the ancestor of the modern Azkali language, which arose in Yamahat and Azkali after diffusing there from [northern continent].

Morphology

Verbs

Overview

Pataxea verbal morphology is in general substantially less complicated than Azkali verbal morphology: unlike in Azkali, in which all verbs can conjugate for the full spectrum of tense, mood, persons, etc, only a very small subset of Pataxea verbs can. The verbs that can conjugate like this are called synthetic verbs, while the rest are called periphrastic (verbs). The only synthetic Pataxea verbs are is (to be), ia (to have), ahha (to do), eiexe (to have), reas (to run), and ea (to give). In Pataxea, the sentence Kre saxanereal sarieak translates to "I ate with him". This can be broken down into:

Kre		saxan	ereal		sa	ri	ea	k
first person singular ergative pronoun		stem	past participle		third person singular masculine absolutive affix	past tense stem of is	accompaniment verbal version	first person singular ergative affix
I		eaten			he	was	with	I

Periphrastic verbs

Periphrastic verbs form the vast majority of Pataxea verbs. They are called periphrastic verbs because they require synthetic verbs, which essentially act as auxiliary verbs, in order to conjugate for the full spectrum of tense, moods, persons, etc. The most common auxiliary verbs of this type are is (to be), ia (to have), and ahha (to do). Periphrastic verbs only take non-finite conjugation, which include participles, the infinitive, and an agentive suffix. The primary suffixes of these types are:

		Vowel ending	Consonant ending
Infinitive		-n	-en
Agentive		-na	-a
Participle	Far past	-xs	-eaxs
	Past	-rel	-erel
	Nonpast	-sa	-esa

It can be seen in this example that periphrastic verbs take tense marking when placed in the participle, and while ungrammatical, it is technically possible to parse a sentence without a synthetic auxiliary verb. These suffixes are also occasionally used in the creation of nouns: for example, the Pataxea word titakaina, meaning author, is derived from tita, to read, and the agentive suffix -na.

The so called "secondary suffixes" are rarer participle suffixes for certain periphrastic verbs. A list of these secondary suffixes are shown below:

List of secondary participle suffixes

		Vowel ending	Consonant ending	Notes
-xi	Far past	-xas	-exas	-xi is used for most, but not all, verbs of a stative (i.e describing states of being, such as permanent qualities) lexical aspects. It is the participle of is.
	Past	-xel	-exel
	Nonpast	-xi	-exi
-bi	Far past	-bas	-ebas	-bi is used for many obligatory verbal actions, which includes working, eating, drinking, etc. It is the participle of ea.
	Past	-bel	-ebel
	Nonpast	-bi	-ebi
-bol	Far past	-bez	-ebez	-bol is used for some verbs of a eventive (i.e describing short, single events) lexical aspects. I t is the participle of reas and ia.
	Past	-bel	-ebel
	Nonpast	-bol	-ebol
-bes	Far past	-beas	-ebeas
	Past	-beal	-ebeal
	Nonpast	-bes	-ebes
-sag	Far past	-ses	-eses
	Past	-seg	-eseg
	Nonpast	-sag	-asag
-kua	Far past	-kas	-akas
	Past	-kual	-akual
	Nonpast	-kua	-akua
-aiz	Far past	-az	-naz
	Past	-eiz	-neiz
	Nonpast	-aiz	-naiz
-leid	Far past	-lad	-alad
	Past	-ledua	-eledua
	Nonpast	-leid	-eleid
-maki	Far past	-masi	-amasi
	Past	-meki	-emeki
	Nonpast	-maki	-amaki
-mid	Far past	-mes	-emes
	Past	-med	-emed
	Nonpast	-mid	-amid
-miz	Far past	-mes	-emes
	Past	-med	-emed
	Nonpast	-miz	-emiz

Compound verb constructions

Almost all Pataxea phrases contain compound verbal constructions, formed with a periphrastic verb placed most often in the participle, followed by a conjugated synthetic verb. Different combinations of periphrastic verb inflection and synthetic conjugation can combine to form a rich array of inflection, far more than can be expressed in synthetic verbs alone. These periphrastic conjugations can include compound tenses, different moods, verbal aspects, and so on. A non-exhaustive list of these periphrastic conjugations follows:

Some periphrastic forms

Tense	Form	Examples	Notes
Present simple	(periphrastic non-past participle) + synthetic non-past tense	nis 'I am' tis 'You are' kis 'They/it are/is' chixrua nis 'I am cold' tachixi nis 'I read' naikebi nis 'I work'