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'''Alhi''', specifically '''Modern Alhi''' is an Alhic language that evolved from [[Classical Alhi]]. It is spoken primarily in [[Alloti]] and [[Allotian overseas territories|its overseas territories]], with about 70 million native speakers, and about 100 million when including non-native speakers. Alhi was also once a language of high prestige in [[Cring]], as in [placeholder date], [[Historical Allotian control over Cring|Cring was controlled]] but not completely integrated into Alloti. Since then, Alhi slowly lost its presence in Cring.
'''kkatetelhi''', specifickkatetelly '''Modern kkatetelhi''' is kkateten kkatetelhic lkkatetengukkatetege thkkatetet evolved from [[Classical Alhi|Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi]]. It is spoken primkkateterily in [[Alloti|kkatetelloti]] kkatetend [[Allotian overseas territories|its oversekkatetes territories]], with kkatetebout 70 million nkkatetetive spekkatetekers, kkatetend kkatetebout 100 million when including non-nkkatetetive spekkatetekers. kkatetelhi wkkatetes kkatetelso once kkatete lkkatetengukkatetege of high prestige in [[Cring]], kkatetes in [plkkateteceholder dkkatetete], [[Historical Allotian control over Cring|Cring wkkatetes controlled]] but not completely integrkkateteted into kkatetelloti. Since then, kkatetelhi slowly lost its presence in Cring.


Alhi is related to [[Kes language|Kes]], another Alhic language, spoken in central Alloti. Alhi's first texts can be traced back to [placeholder date], being written in Alhi's native script, [[Oulaj]]. Oulaj is still used to write Alhi today, and a variation of it is used to write Kes. [[Tova language|Tova]], another native language of Alloti (but unrelated to Alhi and Kes), was once written in Oulaj, but Tova's original script regained popular use and Oulaj's use to write Tova is purely historical.
kkatetelhi is relkkateteted to [[Kes language|Kes]], kkatetenother kkatetelhic lkkatetengukkatetege, spoken in centrkkatetel kkatetelloti. kkatetelhi's first texts ckkateten be trkkateteced bkkateteck to [plkkateteceholder dkkatetete], being written in kkatetelhi's nkkatetetive script, [[Oulaj|Oulkkatetej]]. Oulkkatetej is still used to write kkatetelhi todkkatetey, kkatetend kkatete vkkateterikkatetetion of it is used to write Kes. [[Tova language|Tovkkatete]], kkatetenother nkkatetetive lkkatetengukkatetege of kkatetelloti (but unrelkkateteted to kkatetelhi kkatetend Kes), wkkatetes once written in Oulkkatetej, but Tovkkatete's originkkatetel script regkkateteined populkkateter use kkatetend Oulkkatetej's use to write Tovkkatete is purely historickkatetel.


As an Alhic language, around 95% of Alhi's modern vocabulary is derived from Classical Alhi, but the rest is from borrowings from Tova, Kes, [[Loremese language|Loremese]], [[Cring language|Cring]], and other languages.
kkatetes kkateten kkatetelhic lkkatetengukkatetege, kkateteround 95% of kkatetelhi's modern vockkatetebulkkatetery is derived from Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi, but the rest is from borrowings from Tovkkatete, Kes, [[Loremese language|Loremese]], [[Cring language|Cring]], kkatetend other lkkatetengukkateteges.


== Name of the language and etymology ==
== Nkkateteme of the lkkatetengukkatetege kkatetend etymology ==
The only name that Alhi has is ''Alhi'' itself, but different pronunciations can be heard throughout Alloti. The etymology of the name is unknown but it is hypothesized to be related to the name of the country ''Alloti''.  
The only nkkateteme thkkatetet kkatetelhi hkkatetes is ''kkatetelhi'' itself, but different pronuncikkatetetions ckkateten be hekkateterd throughout kkatetelloti. The etymology of the nkkateteme is unknown but it is hypothesized to be relkkateteted to the nkkateteme of the country ''kkatetelloti''.  


== History of the language ==
== History of the lkkatetengukkatetege ==
Like other Alhic languages, Alhi evolved from Classical Alhi, originating in the north-west of Alloti. Due to expansion, Alhi eventually spread all across Alloti, before coming in contact with Tova. Many other native languages are hypothesized to have existed in the areas that were controlled by Alhi-speaking people, but no written records exist and their only remnants are loanwords with questionable etymologies.
Like other kkatetelhic lkkatetengukkateteges, kkatetelhi evolved from Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi, originkkateteting in the north-west of kkatetelloti. Due to expkkatetension, kkatetelhi eventukkatetelly sprekkateted kkatetell kkatetecross kkatetelloti, before coming in contkkatetect with Tovkkatete. Mkkateteny other nkkatetetive lkkatetengukkateteges kkatetere hypothesized to hkkateteve existed in the kkateterekkatetes thkkatetet were controlled by kkatetelhi-spekkateteking people, but no written records exist kkatetend their only remnkkatetents kkatetere lokkatetenwords with questionkkateteble etymologies.


The first documents written in Alhi can be traced back to [placeholder date], being an older form of Alhi.
The first documents written in kkatetelhi ckkateten be trkkateteced bkkateteck to [plkkateteceholder dkkatetete], being kkateten older form of kkatetelhi.


Due to contact with speakers of Tova, much conflict had broken out between the two groups. The areas of conflict were subject to linguistic discrimination and many loanwords entered both languages. Still to this day, dialects of Alhi spoken near where Tova is the primary language have many Tova loanwords.
Due to contkkatetect with spekkatetekers of Tovkkatete, much conflict hkkateted broken out between the two groups. The kkateterekkatetes of conflict were subject to linguistic discriminkkatetetion kkatetend mkkateteny lokkatetenwords entered both lkkatetengukkateteges. Still to this dkkatetey, dikkatetelects of kkatetelhi spoken nekkateter where Tovkkatete is the primkkatetery lkkatetengukkatetege hkkateteve mkkateteny Tovkkatete lokkatetenwords.


Alhi as a language did not phonologically change much from its predecessor as most of the changes were grammatical and semantic. An example of a sound shift is Classical Alhi's dental fricative set, /θ ð/ becoming stops, /t d/ ([t̪ d̪]).
kkatetelhi kkatetes kkatete lkkatetengukkatetege did not phonologickkatetelly chkkatetenge much from its predecessor kkatetes most of the chkkatetenges were grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetel kkatetend semkkatetentic. kkateten exkkatetemple of kkatete sound shift is Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi's dentkkatetel frickkatetetive set, /θ ð/ becoming stops, /t d/ ([t̪ d̪]).


== Geographical distribution ==
== Geogrkkatetephickkatetel distribution ==
Alhi is the primary language of Alloti and its overseas territories. It is estimated that Alhi has 70 million native speakers, making it the 2nd most spoken language by amount of native speakers. When including non-native speakers, Alhi has around 100 million, making it the 2nd most spoken language in the world. On the internet, Alhi is the [number]th most spoken language.
kkatetelhi is the primkkatetery lkkatetengukkatetege of kkatetelloti kkatetend its oversekkatetes territories. It is estimkkateteted thkkatetet kkatetelhi hkkatetes 70 million nkkatetetive spekkatetekers, mkkateteking it the 2nd most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege by kkatetemount of nkkatetetive spekkatetekers. When including non-nkkatetetive spekkatetekers, kkatetelhi hkkatetes kkateteround 100 million, mkkateteking it the 2nd most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege in the world. On the internet, kkatetelhi is the [number]th most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege.


=== Alloti ===
=== kkatetelloti ===
Alhi is one of three official languages of Alloti, and it is the most spoken language in Alloti. It is taught in schools as a mandatory subject for the last three years of grade school, and is available in all colleges and universities in Alloti for learning and study. In the [century]s, Alhi was the only official language of Alloti, with usage of other languages being discouraged and often punished.
kkatetelhi is one of three officikkatetel lkkatetengukkateteges of kkatetelloti, kkatetend it is the most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege in kkatetelloti. It is tkkateteught in schools kkatetes kkatete mkkatetendkkatetetory subject for the lkkatetest three yekkateters of grkkatetede school, kkatetend is kkatetevkkateteilkkateteble in kkatetell colleges kkatetend universities in kkatetelloti for lekkateterning kkatetend study. In the [century]s, kkatetelhi wkkatetes the only officikkatetel lkkatetengukkatetege of kkatetelloti, with uskkatetege of other lkkatetengukkateteges being discourkkateteged kkatetend often punished.


=== Ojanka ===
=== Ojkkatetenkkkatete ===
[[Ojanka]], a set of five islands controlled simultaneously by both Alloti and Mallia, Alhi is an official language. Most people on Ojanka speak both Alhi and [[Mallian language|Mallian]], with road signs, other signs, and text being written in both Alhi and Mallian.
[[Ojanka|Ojkkatetenkkkatete]], kkatete set of five islkkatetends controlled simultkkateteneously by both kkatetelloti kkatetend Mkkatetellikkatete, kkatetelhi is kkateten officikkatetel lkkatetengukkatetege. Most people on Ojkkatetenkkkatete spekkatetek both kkatetelhi kkatetend [[Mallian language|Mkkatetellikkateten]], with rokkateted signs, other signs, kkatetend text being written in both kkatetelhi kkatetend Mkkatetellikkateten.


=== Sinovoz ===
=== Sinovoz ===
[[Sinovoz]], a large island located in the middle of the Bellic Sea was also a colony of Alloti. Alhi had been an official language until Sinovoz's independence. The native language of Sinovoz, Piriň, has gained more and more use and now is the most spoken language on Sinovoz, but Alhi is still widely spoken and some areas on the island are still majority Alhi speaking. Signs and text are translated into both Piriň and Alhi, but many signs in only Piriň appear commonly in the capital of Sinovoz, Sinovoz-Ler.
[[Sinovoz]], kkatete lkkateterge islkkatetend lockkateteted in the middle of the Bellic Sekkatete wkkatetes kkatetelso kkatete colony of kkatetelloti. kkatetelhi hkkateted been kkateten officikkatetel lkkatetengukkatetege until Sinovoz's independence. The nkkatetetive lkkatetengukkatetege of Sinovoz, Piriň, hkkatetes gkkateteined more kkatetend more use kkatetend now is the most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege on Sinovoz, but kkatetelhi is still widely spoken kkatetend some kkateterekkatetes on the islkkatetend kkatetere still mkkatetejority kkatetelhi spekkateteking. Signs kkatetend text kkatetere trkkatetenslkkateteted into both Piriň kkatetend kkatetelhi, but mkkateteny signs in only Piriň kkateteppekkateter commonly in the ckkatetepitkkatetel of Sinovoz, Sinovoz-Ler.


== Grammar ==
== Grkkatetemmkkateter ==
Alhi shares many grammatical features with its relative, Kes. Alhi is classified as a fusional language, marking multiple features of verbs, nouns, etc. with singular affixes. Nouns and adjectives exhibit two definitenesses (indefinite and definite), two numbers (singular and plural), and five cases (nominative, accusative, dative, locative, and comitative). Verbs exhibit four moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and interrogative), multiple tenses depending on the mood, two synthetic aspects (non-aspectual and habitual), and a periphrastic aspect (progressive). Verbs have multiple non-finite forms, having past, present, and future participles; gerunds; two types of agentives (non-human and human) and a verbal noun.
kkatetelhi shkkateteres mkkateteny grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetel fekkatetetures with its relkkatetetive, Kes. kkatetelhi is clkkatetessified kkatetes kkatete fusionkkatetel lkkatetengukkatetege, mkkateterking multiple fekkatetetures of verbs, nouns, etc. with singulkkateter kkateteffixes. Nouns kkatetend kkatetedjectives exhibit two definitenesses (indefinite kkatetend definite), two numbers (singulkkateter kkatetend plurkkatetel), kkatetend five ckkateteses (nominkkatetetive, kkateteccuskkatetetive, dkkatetetive, lockkatetetive, kkatetend comitkkatetetive). Verbs exhibit four moods (indickkatetetive, subjunctive, imperkkatetetive, kkatetend interrogkkatetetive), multiple tenses depending on the mood, two synthetic kkatetespects (non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetend hkkatetebitukkatetel), kkatetend kkatete periphrkkatetestic kkatetespect (progressive). Verbs hkkateteve multiple non-finite forms, hkkateteving pkkatetest, present, kkatetend future pkkateterticiples; gerunds; two types of kkatetegentives (non-humkkateten kkatetend humkkateten) kkatetend kkatete verbkkatetel noun.


=== T-V Distinction ===
=== T-V Distinction ===
Alhi exhibits a T-V distinction, having familiar and formal forms of 2nd and 3rd person pronouns. Familiar forms are grammatically singular and formal forms are grammatically plural. Verbs conjugate to reflect this shift.  
kkatetelhi exhibits kkatete T-V distinction, hkkateteving fkkatetemilikkateter kkatetend formkkatetel forms of 2nd kkatetend 3rd person pronouns. Fkkatetemilikkateter forms kkatetere grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetelly singulkkateter kkatetend formkkatetel forms kkatetere grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetelly plurkkatetel. Verbs conjugkkatetete to reflect this shift.  


==== ''Mon'' vs. ''Ner'' ====
==== ''Mon'' vs. ''Ner'' ====
''Mon'' is the familiar, informal 2nd person pronoun, it is grammatically singular and it is used when talking to someone who is younger than the user or if they are in a lower position than the user, such as in a job, or for people of equal age as the user. This contrasts with ''ner'', which is grammatically plural, it is the more respectful of the two and it is used when referring to someone older than the user, or someone in a superior position than the user, or simply for respect.
''Mon'' is the fkkatetemilikkateter, informkkatetel 2nd person pronoun, it is grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetelly singulkkateter kkatetend it is used when tkkatetelking to someone who is younger thkkateten the user or if they kkatetere in kkatete lower position thkkateten the user, such kkatetes in kkatete job, or for people of equkkatetel kkatetege kkatetes the user. This contrkkatetests with ''ner'', which is grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetelly plurkkatetel, it is the more respectful of the two kkatetend it is used when referring to someone older thkkateten the user, or someone in kkatete superior position thkkateten the user, or simply for respect.


==== ''Ei/Eis'' vs. ''Eil/Eisal'' ====
==== ''Ei/Eis'' vs. ''Eil/Eiskkatetel'' ====
Just like ''mon'' and ''ner'', Alhi also has a T-V distinction in the third person. The demonstratives ''ei'' and ''eis'' are used in the same way as ''mon'', and they can refer to any person or thing. The demonstratives ''eil'' and ''eisal'' are plural, and are used like ''ner''. All of these are proximal in their spatial deixis.
Just like ''mon'' kkatetend ''ner'', kkatetelhi kkatetelso hkkatetes kkatete T-V distinction in the third person. The demonstrkkatetetives ''ei'' kkatetend ''eis'' kkatetere used in the skkateteme wkkatetey kkatetes ''mon'', kkatetend they ckkateten refer to kkateteny person or thing. The demonstrkkatetetives ''eil'' kkatetend ''eiskkatetel'' kkatetere plurkkatetel, kkatetend kkatetere used like ''ner''. kkatetell of these kkatetere proximkkatetel in their spkkatetetikkatetel deixis.


===== ''Ou'', ''Oul'', ''Oum'', and ''Oulum'' =====
===== ''Ou'', ''Oul'', ''Oum'', kkatetend ''Oulum'' =====
''Ou'', ''Oul'', ''Oum'', and ''Oulum'' are all distal demonstratives. ''Ou'' and ''oum'' mean 'that', ''oul'' and ''oulum'' mean 'those'. These are not used to refer to people/things in the subject or direct object of verbs, but only as the indirect object if the direct object is also in the 3rd person.
''Ou'', ''Oul'', ''Oum'', kkatetend ''Oulum'' kkatetere kkatetell distkkatetel demonstrkkatetetives. ''Ou'' kkatetend ''oum'' mekkateten 'thkkatetet', ''oul'' kkatetend ''oulum'' mekkateten 'those'. These kkatetere not used to refer to people/things in the subject or direct object of verbs, but only kkatetes the indirect object if the direct object is kkatetelso in the 3rd person.


=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
Alhi has a relatively simple set of pronouns, a notable feature is that Alhi only has two true persons in its set of pronouns, using demonstratives for the third person.
kkatetelhi hkkatetes kkatete relkkatetetively simple set of pronouns, kkatete notkkateteble fekkateteture is thkkatetet kkatetelhi only hkkatetes two true persons in its set of pronouns, using demonstrkkatetetives for the third person.


==== Personal pronouns ====
==== Personkkatetel pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pronoun table of Alhi
|+Pronoun tkkateteble of kkatetelhi
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Singular
! colspan="2" |Singulkkateter
! colspan="2" |Plural
! colspan="2" |Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
!'''1st'''
!'''1st'''
Line 59: Line 59:
!2nd
!2nd
|-
|-
|'''Nominative'''
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|''ejo''
|''ejo''
|''mon''
|''mon''
Line 65: Line 65:
|''ner''
|''ner''
|-
|-
|'''Accusative'''
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
|''ejın''
|''ejın''
|''mıln''
|''mıln''
Line 71: Line 71:
|''nen''
|''nen''
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|''ehus''
|''ehus''
|''mos''
|''mos''
Line 81: Line 81:
|''mo''
|''mo''
| rowspan="2" |''vi''
| rowspan="2" |''vi''
|''na''
|''nkkatete''
|-
|-
|'''Locative'''
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
|''eji''
|''eji''
|''mi''
|''mi''
|''nas''
|''nkkatetes''
|-
|-
|'''Vocative'''
|'''Vockkatetetive'''
!
!
|''mu!''
|''mu!''
Line 94: Line 94:
|''nuo!''
|''nuo!''
|}
|}
Alhi has no vocative forms for the 1st person pronouns of either number. The possessive forms, ''ej'', ''mo, vi, na'' behave more like suffixes, as they tack onto the ends of the nouns being possessed. If a noun has one adjective after it, it will also have the possessive affix, but if a noun has multiple adjectives after it, only the noun will have the affix. Thus, ''kouda-ej'' 'my family', ''kouda-ej ada-ej'' 'my big family', and ''kouda-ej ada col'' 'my big, good family'.
kkatetelhi hkkatetes no vockkatetetive forms for the 1st person pronouns of either number. The possessive forms, ''ej'', ''mo, vi, nkkatete'' behkkateteve more like suffixes, kkatetes they tkkateteck onto the ends of the nouns being possessed. If kkatete noun hkkatetes one kkatetedjective kkatetefter it, it will kkatetelso hkkateteve the possessive kkateteffix, but if kkatete noun hkkatetes multiple kkatetedjectives kkatetefter it, only the noun will hkkateteve the kkateteffix. Thus, ''koudkkatete-ej'' 'my fkkatetemily', ''koudkkatete-ej kkatetedkkatete-ej'' 'my big fkkatetemily', kkatetend ''koudkkatete-ej kkatetedkkatete col'' 'my big, good fkkatetemily'.


==== Demonstrative pronouns and third-person pronouns ====
==== Demonstrkkatetetive pronouns kkatetend third-person pronouns ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Demonstrative table of Alhi
|+Demonstrkkatetetive tkkateteble of kkatetelhi
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Spatial Deixis
! colspan="2" |Spkkatetetikkatetel Deixis
|-
|-
!Proximal
!Proximkkatetel
!Distal
!Distkkatetel
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Nominative'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|Singular
|Singulkkateter
|''ei''
|''ei''
|''ou''
|''ou''
|-
|-
|Plural
|Plurkkatetel
|''eil''
|''eil''
|''oul''
|''oul''
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Oblique'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Oblique'''
|Singular
|Singulkkateter
|''eis''
|''eis''
|''oum''
|''oum''
|-
|-
|Plural
|Plurkkatetel
|''eisal''
|''eiskkatetel''
|''oulum''
|''oulum''
|}
|}
These are the demonstratives in Alhi. They are used in place of third person pronouns and are also used for demonstratives normally. One could translate the demonstrative ''ei'' as 'this, they, he, she, it'. When demonstratives are used with a noun, the demonstrative will go before the noun. Thus, ''ou pilos'' 'that food'. The possessive form used to indicate 'his, her(s), their(s), its' is ''eis'', and it also behaves like a suffix. E.g. ''kouda-eis'' 'their family'.
These kkatetere the demonstrkkatetetives in kkatetelhi. They kkatetere used in plkkatetece of third person pronouns kkatetend kkatetere kkatetelso used for demonstrkkatetetives normkkatetelly. One could trkkatetenslkkatetete the demonstrkkatetetive ''ei'' kkatetes 'this, they, he, she, it'. When demonstrkkatetetives kkatetere used with kkatete noun, the demonstrkkatetetive will go before the noun. Thus, ''ou pilos'' 'thkkatetet food'. The possessive form used to indickkatetete 'his, her(s), their(s), its' is ''eis'', kkatetend it kkatetelso behkkateteves like kkatete suffix. E.g. ''koudkkatete-eis'' 'their fkkatetemily'.


=== Nouns ===
=== Nouns ===
Alhi nouns are declined for definiteness, number, and case. They are not marking separately, but marked together in a single affix. The base form of a noun is the indefinite, nominative, singular form, which has no marking. Nouns are sorted into three declensions, and they fit into one of them, depending on the last vowel of the noun. Nouns with /a/ as their final vowel are A-type, nouns with either /i/, /e/ or /ɨ/ as their final vowel are I-type, and nouns with either /u/, /o/, or /ɨ/ as their final vowel are U-type. A special instance is when a noun has its final vowel as /ɨ/, such as the word ''ıs'' 'god', these nouns are either I-type or U-type, and there is no pattern as to which declension they are, but most of them are I-type. However, different dialects will have different declensions for these types of nouns.
kkatetelhi nouns kkatetere declined for definiteness, number, kkatetend ckkatetese. They kkatetere not mkkateterking sepkkateterkkatetetely, but mkkateterked together in kkatete single kkateteffix. The bkkatetese form of kkatete noun is the indefinite, nominkkatetetive, singulkkateter form, which hkkatetes no mkkateterking. Nouns kkatetere sorted into three declensions, kkatetend they fit into one of them, depending on the lkkatetest vowel of the noun. Nouns with /kkatete/ kkatetes their finkkatetel vowel kkatetere kkatete-type, nouns with either /i/, /e/ or /ɨ/ kkatetes their finkkatetel vowel kkatetere I-type, kkatetend nouns with either /u/, /o/, or /ɨ/ kkatetes their finkkatetel vowel kkatetere U-type. kkatete specikkatetel instkkatetence is when kkatete noun hkkatetes its finkkatetel vowel kkatetes /ɨ/, such kkatetes the word ''ıs'' 'god', these nouns kkatetere either I-type or U-type, kkatetend there is no pkkatetettern kkatetes to which declension they kkatetere, but most of them kkatetere I-type. However, different dikkatetelects will hkkateteve different declensions for these types of nouns.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension of ''vas'' 'human', an A-type noun
|+Declension of ''vkkatetes'' 'humkkateten', kkateten kkatete-type noun
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''Nominative'''
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''''vas'''''
|'''''vkkatetes'''''
|''vasal''
|''vkkateteskkatetel''
|''vasali''
|''vkkateteskkateteli''
|''vasei''
|''vkkatetesei''
|-
|-
|'''Accusative'''
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
| rowspan="2" |''vasa''
| rowspan="2" |''vkkateteskkatete''
|''vasan''
|''vkkateteskkateten''
|''vasel''
|''vkkatetesel''
|''vasas''
|''vkkateteskkatetes''
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|''vasar''
|''vkkateteskkateter''
|''vasand''
|''vkkateteskkatetend''
|''vasay''
|''vkkateteskkatetey''
|-
|-
|'''Locative'''
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
| colspan="2" |''vasem''
| colspan="2" |''vkkatetesem''
| colspan="2" |''vasel''
| colspan="2" |''vkkatetesel''
|-
|-
|'''Comitative'''
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
| colspan="4" |''vasor''
| colspan="4" |''vkkatetesor''
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension of ''udut'' 'child', a U-type noun
|+Declension of ''udut'' 'child', kkatete U-type noun
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''Nominative'''
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''''udut'''''
|'''''udut'''''
|''udutul''
|''udutul''
|''udutuli''
|''udutuli''
|''udutau''
|''udutkkateteu''
|-
|-
|'''Accusative'''
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
| rowspan="2" |''udutu''
| rowspan="2" |''udutu''
|''udutun''
|''udutun''
Line 185: Line 185:
|''udutos''
|''udutos''
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|''udutur''
|''udutur''
|''udutund''
|''udutund''
|''udutuy''
|''udutuy''
|-
|-
|'''Locative'''
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
| colspan="2" |''udutem''
| colspan="2" |''udutem''
| colspan="2" |''udutel''
| colspan="2" |''udutel''
|-
|-
|'''Comitative'''
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
| colspan="4" |''udutor''
| colspan="4" |''udutor''
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension of ''ani'' 'woman', an I-type noun
|+Declension of ''kkateteni'' 'womkkateten', kkateten I-type noun
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''Nominative'''
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''''ani'''''
|'''''kkateteni'''''
|''anihil''
|''kkatetenihil''
|''anihili''
|''kkatetenihili''
|''anihai''
|''kkatetenihkkatetei''
|-
|-
|'''Accusative'''
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
| rowspan="2" |''anihi''
| rowspan="2" |''kkatetenihi''
|''anihin''
|''kkatetenihin''
|''anihini''
|''kkatetenihini''
|''anihas''
|''kkatetenihkkatetes''
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|''anihir''
|''kkatetenihir''
|''anihind''
|''kkatetenihind''
|''anihiyi''
|''kkatetenihiyi''
|-
|-
|'''Locative'''
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
| colspan="2" |''anihem''
| colspan="2" |''kkatetenihem''
| colspan="2" |''anihel''
| colspan="2" |''kkatetenihel''
|-
|-
|'''Comitative'''
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
| colspan="4" |''anihor''
| colspan="4" |''kkatetenihor''
|}
|}


==== Noun cases ====
==== Noun ckkateteses ====
The different noun cases perform different functions in nouns, this section will cover what each of them does individually.
The different noun ckkateteses perform different functions in nouns, this section will cover whkkatetet ekkatetech of them does individukkatetelly.


===== The nominative case =====
===== The nominkkatetetive ckkatetese =====
The nominative case simply marks the subject of a verb, because Alhi has a canonical word order of Verb-Subject-Object, this is usually the second element in a basic sentence. For example, the sentence ''Daonta anihili eis'' 'The woman recieved it', the subject: ''anihili'' (ani), is in the nominative case.
The nominkkatetetive ckkatetese simply mkkateterks the subject of kkatete verb, beckkateteuse kkatetelhi hkkatetes kkatete ckkatetenonickkatetel word order of Verb-Subject-Object, this is usukkatetelly the second element in kkatete bkkatetesic sentence. For exkkatetemple, the sentence ''Dkkateteontkkatete kkatetenihili eis'' 'The womkkateten recieved it', the subject: ''kkatetenihili'' (kkateteni), is in the nominkkatetetive ckkatetese.


===== The accusative case =====
===== The kkateteccuskkatetetive ckkatetese =====
The accusative case marks direct objects of a verb, this is usually the last element in a basic sentence. Using the example sentence from the section above, ''Daonta anihili eis'' 'The woman recieved it', the direct object: ''eis'' (ei), is marked in the accusative case. Also, it is important to know that in the indefinite singular for all nouns, the accusative and dative form is the same.
The kkateteccuskkatetetive ckkatetese mkkateterks direct objects of kkatete verb, this is usukkatetelly the lkkatetest element in kkatete bkkatetesic sentence. Using the exkkatetemple sentence from the section kkatetebove, ''Dkkateteontkkatete kkatetenihili eis'' 'The womkkateten recieved it', the direct object: ''eis'' (ei), is mkkateterked in the kkateteccuskkatetetive ckkatetese. kkatetelso, it is importkkatetent to know thkkatetet in the indefinite singulkkateter for kkatetell nouns, the kkateteccuskkatetetive kkatetend dkkatetetive form is the skkateteme.


===== The dative case =====
===== The dkkatetetive ckkatetese =====
The dative case marks indirect objects of a transitive verb or the argument of an intransitive verb, and in Alhi, indirect objects can be before or after the object in a transitive verb. Take for example, ''Tenav ejo eis miaha'' 'I gave it to a cat'. This is a transitive verb, and ''miaha'' (mia) is marked for the dative case. Another example with an intransitive verb is ''Ola ejo miaha'' 'I talked to a cat', the argument of the intransitive verb is marked in the dative.
The dkkatetetive ckkatetese mkkateterks indirect objects of kkatete trkkatetensitive verb or the kkatetergument of kkateten intrkkatetensitive verb, kkatetend in kkatetelhi, indirect objects ckkateten be before or kkatetefter the object in kkatete trkkatetensitive verb. Tkkateteke for exkkatetemple, ''Tenkkatetev ejo eis mikkatetehkkatete'' 'I gkkateteve it to kkatete ckkatetet'. This is kkatete trkkatetensitive verb, kkatetend ''mikkatetehkkatete'' (mikkatete) is mkkateterked for the dkkatetetive ckkatetese. kkatetenother exkkatetemple with kkateten intrkkatetensitive verb is ''Olkkatete ejo mikkatetehkkatete'' 'I tkkatetelked to kkatete ckkatetet', the kkatetergument of the intrkkatetensitive verb is mkkateterked in the dkkatetetive.


===== The locative case =====
===== The lockkatetetive ckkatetese =====
The locative case simply marks the location of a noun, it can also mark movement like an ablative. Number is not distinguished in this case, only definiteness is.  
The lockkatetetive ckkatetese simply mkkateterks the lockkatetetion of kkatete noun, it ckkateten kkatetelso mkkateterk movement like kkateten kkateteblkkatetetive. Number is not distinguished in this ckkatetese, only definiteness is.  


===== The comitative case =====
===== The comitkkatetetive ckkatetese =====
The comitative case marks accompaniment, as in 'with' a person, or instrumental usage like 'with' a knife. It corresponds to 'with'. This case has only one form across all definitenesses and numbers. It is derived from an affixation of the postposition ''lor'' 'with'.
The comitkkatetetive ckkatetese mkkateterks kkateteccompkkateteniment, kkatetes in 'with' kkatete person, or instrumentkkatetel uskkatetege like 'with' kkatete knife. It corresponds to 'with'. This ckkatetese hkkatetes only one form kkatetecross kkatetell definitenesses kkatetend numbers. It is derived from kkateten kkateteffixkkatetetion of the postposition ''lor'' 'with'.


==== Genitive constructions ====
==== Genitive constructions ====
The genitive in Alhi is formed with this construction: '''noun + [possessed object-''eis'']'''. For example, "your mom's food" would be ''ama-mo pilos-eis'', this literally translates to "your mom her food".
The genitive in kkatetelhi is formed with this construction: '''noun + [possessed object-''eis'']'''. For exkkatetemple, "your mom's food" would be ''kkatetemkkatete-mo pilos-eis'', this literkkatetelly trkkatetenslkkatetetes to "your mom her food".


=== Adjectives and adverbs (modifiers) ===
=== kkatetedjectives kkatetend kkatetedverbs (modifiers) ===
Adjectives in Alhi decline just like nouns to agree with them, they also have the three declensions that nouns do. Adverbs are not phonologically unique from adjectives, so they have the same form. Adjectives and adverbs always go after the word they modify.  
kkatetedjectives in kkatetelhi decline just like nouns to kkatetegree with them, they kkatetelso hkkateteve the three declensions thkkatetet nouns do. kkatetedverbs kkatetere not phonologickkatetelly unique from kkatetedjectives, so they hkkateteve the skkateteme form. kkatetedjectives kkatetend kkatetedverbs kkatetelwkkateteys go kkatetefter the word they modify.  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension of ''ada'' 'big', an A-type adjective
|+Declension of ''kkatetedkkatete'' 'big', kkateten kkatete-type kkatetedjective
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''Nominative'''
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''''ada'''''
|'''''kkatetedkkatete'''''
|''adahal''
|''kkatetedkkatetehkkatetel''
|''adahali''
|''kkatetedkkatetehkkateteli''
|''adahei''
|''kkatetedkkatetehei''
|-
|-
|'''Accusative'''
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
| rowspan="2" |''adaha''
| rowspan="2" |''kkatetedkkatetehkkatete''
|''adahan''
|''kkatetedkkatetehkkateten''
|''adahel''
|''kkatetedkkatetehel''
|''adahas''
|''kkatetedkkatetehkkatetes''
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|''adahar''
|''kkatetedkkatetehkkateter''
|''adahand''
|''kkatetedkkatetehkkatetend''
|''adahay''
|''kkatetedkkatetehkkatetey''
|-
|-
|'''Locative'''
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
| colspan="2" |''adahem''
| colspan="2" |''kkatetedkkatetehem''
| colspan="2" |''adahel''
| colspan="2" |''kkatetedkkatetehel''
|-
|-
|'''Comitative'''
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
| colspan="4" |''adahor''
| colspan="4" |''kkatetedkkatetehor''
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension of ''lur'' 'green', a U-type adjective
|+Declension of ''lur'' 'green', kkatete U-type kkatetedjective
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''Nominative'''
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''''lur'''''
|'''''lur'''''
|''lurul''
|''lurul''
|''luruli''
|''luruli''
|''lurau''
|''lurkkateteu''
|-
|-
|'''Accusative'''
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
| rowspan="2" |''luru''
| rowspan="2" |''luru''
|''lurun''
|''lurun''
Line 314: Line 314:
|''luros''
|''luros''
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|''lurur''
|''lurur''
|''lurund''
|''lurund''
|''luruy''
|''luruy''
|-
|-
|'''Locative'''
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
| colspan="2" |''lurem''
| colspan="2" |''lurem''
| colspan="2" |''lurel''
| colspan="2" |''lurel''
|-
|-
|'''Comitative'''
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
| colspan="4" |''luror''
| colspan="4" |''luror''
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Declension of ''nist'' 'heavy', an I-type adjective
|+Declension of ''nist'' 'hekkatetevy', kkateten I-type kkatetedjective
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''Nominative'''
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''''nist'''''
|'''''nist'''''
|''nistil''
|''nistil''
|''nistili''
|''nistili''
|''nistai''
|''nistkkatetei''
|-
|-
|'''Accusative'''
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
| rowspan="2" |''nisti''
| rowspan="2" |''nisti''
|''nistin''
|''nistin''
|''nistini''
|''nistini''
|''nistas''
|''nistkkatetes''
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|''nistir''
|''nistir''
|''nistind''
|''nistind''
|''nistiyi''
|''nistiyi''
|-
|-
|'''Locative'''
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
| colspan="2" |''nistem''
| colspan="2" |''nistem''
| colspan="2" |''nistel''
| colspan="2" |''nistel''
|-
|-
|'''Comitative'''
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
| colspan="4" |''nistor''
| colspan="4" |''nistor''
|}
|}


==== Positive, comparative, and superlative forms of adjectives ====
==== Positive, compkkateterkkatetetive, kkatetend superlkkatetetive forms of kkatetedjectives ====
Adjectives in Alhi have three degrees of comparison, the default form of an adjective is the positive. Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives still decline for all of the forms that positive forms do. The comparative is formed by affixing ''-sei'' to the declined positive form. The superlative is formed the same way but with a prefix ''os-''.
kkatetedjectives in kkatetelhi hkkateteve three degrees of compkkateterison, the defkkateteult form of kkateten kkatetedjective is the positive. Compkkateterkkatetetive kkatetend superlkkatetetive forms of kkatetedjectives still decline for kkatetell of the forms thkkatetet positive forms do. The compkkateterkkatetetive is formed by kkateteffixing ''-sei'' to the declined positive form. The superlkkatetetive is formed the skkateteme wkkatetey but with kkatete prefix ''os-''.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Positive declension of ''nist'' 'heavy'
|+Positive declension of ''nist'' 'hekkatetevy'
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''Nominative'''
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''''nist'''''
|'''''nist'''''
|''nistil''
|''nistil''
|''nistili''
|''nistili''
|''nistai''
|''nistkkatetei''
|-
|-
|'''Accusative'''
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
| rowspan="2" |''nisti''
| rowspan="2" |''nisti''
|''nistin''
|''nistin''
|''nistini''
|''nistini''
|''nistas''
|''nistkkatetes''
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|''nistir''
|''nistir''
|''nistind''
|''nistind''
|''nistiyi''
|''nistiyi''
|-
|-
|'''Locative'''
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
| colspan="2" |''nistem''
| colspan="2" |''nistem''
| colspan="2" |''nistel''
| colspan="2" |''nistel''
|-
|-
|'''Comitative'''
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
| colspan="4" |''nistor''
| colspan="4" |''nistor''
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparative declension of ''nist'' 'heavy'
|+Compkkateterkkatetetive declension of ''nist'' 'hekkatetevy'
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''Nominative'''
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''''nistsei'''''
|'''''nistsei'''''
|''nistilsei''
|''nistilsei''
|''nistilisei''
|''nistilisei''
|''nistaisei''
|''nistkkateteisei''
|-
|-
|'''Accusative'''
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
| rowspan="2" |''nistisei''
| rowspan="2" |''nistisei''
|''nistinsei''
|''nistinsei''
|''nistinisei''
|''nistinisei''
|''nistasei''
|''nistkkatetesei''
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|''nistirsei''
|''nistirsei''
|''nistindsei''
|''nistindsei''
|''nistiyisei''
|''nistiyisei''
|-
|-
|'''Locative'''
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
| colspan="2" |''nistemsei''
| colspan="2" |''nistemsei''
| colspan="2" |''nistelsei''
| colspan="2" |''nistelsei''
|-
|-
|'''Comitative'''
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
| colspan="4" |''nistorsei''
| colspan="4" |''nistorsei''
|}
|}
Note that ''nistasei'' is not supposed to be ''nistassei'', as Alhi does not have geminates. Positive forms that end in a voiced obstruent, nasal, or approximant cause the /s/ in ''-sei'' to become voiced to [z]. These forms correspond to 'heavier'.
Note thkkatetet ''nistkkatetesei'' is not supposed to be ''nistkkatetessei'', kkatetes kkatetelhi does not hkkateteve geminkkatetetes. Positive forms thkkatetet end in kkatete voiced obstruent, nkkateteskkatetel, or kkatetepproximkkatetent ckkateteuse the /s/ in ''-sei'' to become voiced to [z]. These forms correspond to 'hekkatetevier'.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Superlative declension of ''nist'' 'heavy'
|+Superlkkatetetive declension of ''nist'' 'hekkatetevy'
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Indefinite
! colspan="2" |Definite
! colspan="2" |Definite
|-
|-
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''Nominative'''
|'''Nominkkatetetive'''
|'''''osnist'''''
|'''''osnist'''''
|''osnistil''
|''osnistil''
|''osnistili''
|''osnistili''
|''osnistai''
|''osnistkkatetei''
|-
|-
|'''Accusative'''
|'''kkateteccuskkatetetive'''
| rowspan="2" |''osnisti''
| rowspan="2" |''osnisti''
|''osnistin''
|''osnistin''
|''osnistini''
|''osnistini''
|''osnistas''
|''osnistkkatetes''
|-
|-
|'''Dative'''
|'''Dkkatetetive'''
|''osnistir''
|''osnistir''
|''osnistind''
|''osnistind''
|''osnistiyi''
|''osnistiyi''
|-
|-
|'''Locative'''
|'''Lockkatetetive'''
| colspan="2" |''osnistem''
| colspan="2" |''osnistem''
| colspan="2" |''osnistel''
| colspan="2" |''osnistel''
|-
|-
|'''Comitative'''
|'''Comitkkatetetive'''
| colspan="4" |''osnistor''
| colspan="4" |''osnistor''
|}
|}


=== Special forms of the indefinite nominative plural ===
=== Specikkatetel forms of the indefinite nominkkatetetive plurkkatetel ===
Many nouns and adjectives in Alhi end in ''il, ul,'' or ''al''. When these nouns are declined, this causes those endings to be repeated twice, but different endings are employed to prevent this.
Mkkateteny nouns kkatetend kkatetedjectives in kkatetelhi end in ''il, ul,'' or ''kkatetel''. When these nouns kkatetere declined, this ckkateteuses those endings to be repekkateteted twice, but different endings kkatetere employed to prevent this.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Affixes to avoid repitition
|+kkateteffixes to kkatetevoid repitition
!Ending of noun
!Ending of noun
!Indefinite nominative plural affix
!Indefinite nominkkatetetive plurkkatetel kkateteffix
|-
|-
| -al
| -kkatetel
| rowspan="2" | -il
| rowspan="2" | -il
|-
|-
Line 484: Line 484:
|-
|-
| -il
| -il
| -al
| -kkatetel
|}
|}
For example, the word ''dujul'' 'piece, Allotian currency' would be ''dujul'''ul''''' if this paradigm did not exist, but the actual form is ''dujul'''il'''.''  
For exkkatetemple, the word ''dujul'' 'piece, kkatetellotikkateten currency' would be ''dujul'''ul''''' if this pkkateterkkatetedigm did not exist, but the kkatetectukkatetel form is ''dujul'''il'''.''  


=== Postpositions ===
=== Postpositions ===
Postpositions, as stated in the name, generally go after nouns. The only time they do not go after nouns is if they have an adjective modifying them, in that situation they will go before the noun.
Postpositions, kkatetes stkkateteted in the nkkateteme, generkkatetelly go kkatetefter nouns. The only time they do not go kkatetefter nouns is if they hkkateteve kkateten kkatetedjective modifying them, in thkkatetet situkkatetetion they will go before the noun.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of postpositions
|+List of postpositions
!Word in Alhi
!Word in kkatetelhi
!Translation
!Trkkatetenslkkatetetion
|-
|-
|ler
|ler
Line 499: Line 499:
|-
|-
|lor
|lor
|with, amongst
|with, kkatetemongst
|-
|-
|daja
|dkkatetejkkatete
|against
|kkatetegkkateteinst
|-
|-
|te
|te
Line 508: Line 508:
|-
|-
|o
|o
|at
|kkatetet
|-
|-
|ede
|ede
Line 515: Line 515:


=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
Verbs in Alhi are the most inflecting part of speech in the language, as they conjugate for multiple moods, aspects, tenses, they also have multiple compound (periphrastic) tenses. All verbs have one singular way of conjugation with minor alterations for ease of pronunciation.
Verbs in kkatetelhi kkatetere the most inflecting pkkatetert of speech in the lkkatetengukkatetege, kkatetes they conjugkkatetete for multiple moods, kkatetespects, tenses, they kkatetelso hkkateteve multiple compound (periphrkkatetestic) tenses. kkatetell verbs hkkateteve one singulkkateter wkkatetey of conjugkkatetetion with minor kkatetelterkkatetetions for ekkatetese of pronuncikkatetetion.


The tenses that exist in Alhi verbs are: the present, the future, the near past, and the future past. This 4-way distinction only exists in indicative mood of the non-aspectual aspect & progressive aspect. Most other moods only distinguish present, future, and past.
The tenses thkkatetet exist in kkatetelhi verbs kkatetere: the present, the future, the nekkateter pkkatetest, kkatetend the future pkkatetest. This 4-wkkatetey distinction only exists in indickkatetetive mood of the non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetespect & progressive kkatetespect. Most other moods only distinguish present, future, kkatetend pkkatetest.


==== The non-aspectual aspect ====
==== The non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetespect ====
The 'non-aspectual' aspect in Alhi verbs corresponds to actions that are perfective in nature, not ''perfect'', as that is another aspect on its own.
The 'non-kkatetespectukkatetel' kkatetespect in kkatetelhi verbs corresponds to kkatetections thkkatetet kkatetere perfective in nkkateteture, not ''perfect'', kkatetes thkkatetet is kkatetenother kkatetespect on its own.


===== The indicative mood =====
===== The indickkatetetive mood =====
The indicative mood in Alhi is used to convey real information, statements, or facts.
The indickkatetetive mood in kkatetelhi is used to convey rekkatetel informkkatetetion, stkkatetetements, or fkkatetects.


====== The present ======
====== The present ======
The present tense in the indicative mood corresponds to actions that occur in the 'now'.
The present tense in the indickkatetetive mood corresponds to kkatetections thkkatetet occur in the 'now'.


* '''Vo''' colu. — '''I am''' good. (The copula, ''vulun'', is the only verb to not require a subject pronoun.)
* '''Vo''' colu. — '''I kkatetem''' good. (The copulkkatete, ''vulun'', is the only verb to not require kkatete subject pronoun.)
* '''Daon''' '''ei''' heitiri. — '''She recieves''' a sword.
* '''Dkkateteon''' '''ei''' heitiri. — '''She recieves''' kkatete sword.
* '''Keleu eil''' heilor. — '''They play''' amongst themselves.
* '''Keleu eil''' heilor. — '''They plkkatetey''' kkatetemongst themselves.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Present indicative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
|+Present indickkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
!
!
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kela'' 'I play'
|''kelkkatete'' 'I plkkatetey'
|''kelau'' 'We play'
|''kelkkateteu'' 'We plkkatetey'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelo'' 'You play'
|''kelo'' 'You plkkatetey'
|''kelu'' 'You play (plural)'
|''kelu'' 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kel'' 'He, she, they, it plays'
|''kel'' 'He, she, they, it plkkateteys'
|''keleu'' 'They play (plural)'
|''keleu'' 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|}
|}
Verbs in the third person present indicative non-aspectual are the same as the stem of the verb (infinitive-less verb).
Verbs in the third person present indickkatetetive non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetere the skkateteme kkatetes the stem of the verb (infinitive-less verb).


====== The future ======
====== The future ======
The future tense in the indicative mood corresponds to actions that occur in the future or 'later'. Unlike the past tense, this future tense corresponds to any action that will occur in any amount of time in the future. In Classical Alhi, there was distinct near future and far future tense but this system eventually collapsed to one singular future tense.
The future tense in the indickkatetetive mood corresponds to kkatetections thkkatetet occur in the future or 'lkkateteter'. Unlike the pkkatetest tense, this future tense corresponds to kkateteny kkatetection thkkatetet will occur in kkateteny kkatetemount of time in the future. In Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi, there wkkatetes distinct nekkateter future kkatetend fkkateter future tense but this system eventukkatetelly collkkatetepsed to one singulkkateter future tense.


* '''Vos''' lozkuliz. — '''I will be''' a husband.
* '''Vos''' lozkuliz. — '''I will be''' kkatete husbkkatetend.
* '''Ojelf''' '''ei'''. — '''She will change'''.
* '''Ojelf''' '''ei'''. — '''She will chkkatetenge'''.
* '''Edosam eil''' oum. — '''They will throw''' it.
* '''Edoskkatetem eil''' oum. — '''They will throw''' it.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Future indicative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
|+Future indickkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
!
!
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelav'' 'I will play'
|''kelkkatetev'' 'I will plkkatetey'
|''kelan'' 'We will play'
|''kelkkateten'' 'We will plkkatetey'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelo'' 'You will play'
|''kelo'' 'You will plkkatetey'
|''keln'' 'You will play (plural)'
|''keln'' 'You will plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelf'' 'He, she, they, it will play'
|''kelf'' 'He, she, they, it will plkkatetey'
|''kelam'' 'They will play (plural)'
|''kelkkatetem'' 'They will plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|}
|}


====== The near (proximal) past ======
====== The nekkateter (proximkkatetel) pkkatetest ======
As is stated in the name, the near past is used to refer to actions that have recently occured. The window of 'recency' is relative to the time frame, if established, in the conversation. For example, if one was talking about actions that occured ''last week'', then actions that occured ''yesterday'' or ''two days ago'' would be in the near past. If an action has 'just' occured, then the verb will always be conjugated for the near past.
kkatetes is stkkateteted in the nkkateteme, the nekkateter pkkatetest is used to refer to kkatetections thkkatetet hkkateteve recently occured. The window of 'recency' is relkkatetetive to the time frkkateteme, if estkkateteblished, in the converskkatetetion. For exkkatetemple, if one wkkatetes tkkatetelking kkatetebout kkatetections thkkatetet occured ''lkkatetest week'', then kkatetections thkkatetet occured ''yesterdkkatetey'' or ''two dkkateteys kkatetego'' would be in the nekkateter pkkatetest. If kkateten kkatetection hkkatetes 'just' occured, then the verb will kkatetelwkkateteys be conjugkkateteted for the nekkateter pkkatetest.


* '''Julat''' ejo. — '''I just ate'''.
* '''Julkkatetet''' ejo. — '''I just kkatetete'''.
* '''Ridut''' fojalhulasez eis. — '''We recently bought''' a car for him.
* '''Ridut''' fojkkatetelhulkkatetesez eis. — '''We recently bought''' kkatete ckkateter for him.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Near past indicative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
|+Nekkateter pkkatetest indickkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
!
!
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelat'' 'I recently played'
|''kelkkatetet'' 'I recently plkkateteyed'
|''kelut'' 'We recently played'
|''kelut'' 'We recently plkkateteyed'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelok'' 'You recently played'
|''kelok'' 'You recently plkkateteyed'
|''kelota'' 'You recently played (plural)'
|''kelotkkatete'' 'You recently plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelta'' 'He, she, they, it recently played'
|''keltkkatete'' 'He, she, they, it recently plkkateteyed'
|''kelt'' 'They recently played (plural)'
|''kelt'' 'They recently plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
|}
|}


====== The far (distal) past ======
====== The fkkateter (distkkatetel) pkkatetest ======
The distal past refers to actions that occured 'a long time ago'. Just like the proximal past, this window of 'long time ago' is dependant on the established time frame. If no time frame has been established, then verbs will be conjugated for this tense, except for if the action had 'just' occured.
The distkkatetel pkkatetest refers to kkatetections thkkatetet occured 'kkatete long time kkatetego'. Just like the proximkkatetel pkkatetest, this window of 'long time kkatetego' is dependkkatetent on the estkkateteblished time frkkateteme. If no time frkkateteme hkkatetes been estkkateteblished, then verbs will be conjugkkateteted for this tense, except for if the kkatetection hkkateted 'just' occured.


* '''Seija''' '''on'''. — '''He was sleeping.'''
* '''Seijkkatete''' '''on'''. — '''He wkkatetes sleeping.'''
* '''Magec''' ei oum kouhu o. — '''He left''' (a while ago) it at the door.
* '''Mkkatetegec''' ei oum kouhu o. — '''He left''' (kkatete while kkatetego) it kkatetet the door.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Far past indicative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
|+Fkkateter pkkatetest indickkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
!
!
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kela'' 'I played'
|''kelkkatete'' 'I plkkateteyed'
|''kela'' 'We played'
|''kelkkatete'' 'We plkkateteyed'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''keli'' 'You played'
|''keli'' 'You plkkateteyed'
|''keloca'' 'You played (plural)'
|''kelockkatete'' 'You plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelec'' 'He, she, they, it played'
|''kelec'' 'He, she, they, it plkkateteyed'
|''kelna'' 'They played (plural)'
|''kelnkkatete'' 'They plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
|}
|}


===== The subjunctive mood =====
===== The subjunctive mood =====
The subjunctive mood in Alhi is used to convey doubt, feelings, wishes, opinions, suggestions, etc. It can also be used for impersonal statements like ''Hido colu...'' 'It is good...'. Some usages of the subjunctive may involve a relative clause, such as ''Mo kelei mon, hido tusu.'' "It is bad that you wouldn't play." The subjunctive mood in the non-aspectual aspect distinguishes only three tenses: past, present, and future.
The subjunctive mood in kkatetelhi is used to convey doubt, feelings, wishes, opinions, suggestions, etc. It ckkateten kkatetelso be used for impersonkkatetel stkkatetetements like ''Hido colu...'' 'It is good...'. Some uskkateteges of the subjunctive mkkatetey involve kkatete relkkatetetive clkkateteuse, such kkatetes ''Mo kelei mon, hido tusu.'' "It is bkkateted thkkatetet you wouldn't plkkatetey." The subjunctive mood in the non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetespect distinguishes only three tenses: pkkatetest, present, kkatetend future.


====== The present ======
====== The present ======
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Present subjunctive forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
|+Present subjunctive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
!
!
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelou'' 'I play'
|''kelou'' 'I plkkatetey'
|''keloul'' 'We play'
|''keloul'' 'We plkkatetey'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelei'' 'You play'
|''kelei'' 'You plkkatetey'
|''keleil'' 'You play (plural)'
|''keleil'' 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelai'' 'He, she, they, it play'
|''kelkkatetei'' 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey'
|''kelail'' 'They play (plural)'
|''kelkkateteil'' 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|}
|}


====== The future ======
====== The future ======
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Future subjunctive forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
|+Future subjunctive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
!
!
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''keluna'' 'I play'
|''kelunkkatete'' 'I plkkatetey'
|''kelin'' 'We play'
|''kelin'' 'We plkkatetey'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelona'' 'You play'
|''kelonkkatete'' 'You plkkatetey'
|''kelul'' 'You play (plural)'
|''kelul'' 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelon'' 'He, she, they, it play'
|''kelon'' 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey'
|''kelana'' 'They play (plural)'
|''kelkkatetenkkatete'' 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|}
|}


====== The past ======
====== The pkkatetest ======
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Past subjunctive forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
|+Pkkatetest subjunctive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
!
!
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelka'' 'I play'
|''kelkkkatete'' 'I plkkatetey'
|''kelni'' 'We play'
|''kelni'' 'We plkkatetey'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelci'' 'You play'
|''kelci'' 'You plkkatetey'
|''kelkou'' 'You play (plural)'
|''kelkou'' 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelaja'' 'He, she, they, it play'
|''kelkkatetejkkatete'' 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey'
|''kelno'' 'They play (plural)'
|''kelno'' 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|}
|}


===== The imperative mood =====
===== The imperkkatetetive mood =====
The imperative mood is used mostly used to convey commands or orders, but sometimes it is used to used to convey an optative. The imperative mood has two distinctions, regular and polite, these distinctions correspond to a T-V system, where regular is the "T" (''mon'', ''ei'') and polite is the "V" (''ner'', ''eil''). The optative is restricted to the polite distinction. There are no 1st-person imperatives, only 2nd and 3rd-person imperatives. Third-person regular imperatives have the sense of a jussive.
The imperkkatetetive mood is used mostly used to convey commkkatetends or orders, but sometimes it is used to used to convey kkateten optkkatetetive. The imperkkatetetive mood hkkatetes two distinctions, regulkkateter kkatetend polite, these distinctions correspond to kkatete T-V system, where regulkkateter is the "T" (''mon'', ''ei'') kkatetend polite is the "V" (''ner'', ''eil''). The optkkatetetive is restricted to the polite distinction. There kkatetere no 1st-person imperkkatetetives, only 2nd kkatetend 3rd-person imperkkatetetives. Third-person regulkkateter imperkkatetetives hkkateteve the sense of kkatete jussive.


====== The regular imperative ======
====== The regulkkateter imperkkatetetive ======
The regular imperative is used to convey commands / orders with a sense of informality. It is used when one wishes to order someone that would be addressed with ''mon''.  
The regulkkateter imperkkatetetive is used to convey commkkatetends / orders with kkatete sense of informkkatetelity. It is used when one wishes to order someone thkkatetet would be kkateteddressed with ''mon''.  
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Regular imperative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
|+Regulkkateter imperkkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
!
!
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kel'' 'Play!'
|''kel'' 'Plkkatetey!'
|''kelou'' 'Play! (plural)'
|''kelou'' 'Plkkatetey! (plurkkatetel)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''keli'' 'Let him, her, them, it play!'
|''keli'' 'Let him, her, them, it plkkatetey!'
|''kela'' 'Let them play! (plural)'
|''kelkkatete'' 'Let them plkkatetey! (plurkkatetel)'
|}
|}


====== The polite imperative ======
====== The polite imperkkatetetive ======
The polite imperative is used to convey commands with a sense of formality, often to people who would be addressed with ''ner'' or simply out of respect. There is also an optative sense in this distinction of the imperative.
The polite imperkkatetetive is used to convey commkkatetends with kkatete sense of formkkatetelity, often to people who would be kkateteddressed with ''ner'' or simply out of respect. There is kkatetelso kkateten optkkatetetive sense in this distinction of the imperkkatetetive.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Polite imperative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
|+Polite imperkkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
!
!
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelul'' 'Play!'
|''kelul'' 'Plkkatetey!'
|''kelou'' 'Play! (plural)'
|''kelou'' 'Plkkatetey! (plurkkatetel)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelil'' 'May he, she, they, it play'
|''kelil'' 'Mkkatetey he, she, they, it plkkatetey'
|''kele'' 'May they play (plural)'
|''kele'' 'Mkkatetey they plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|}
|}


===== The interrogative mood =====
===== The interrogkkatetetive mood =====
The interrogative mood is used to form questions, like the subjunctive mood, it also only distinguishes the present, past, and future tenses in the non-aspectual aspect. Interrogative statements may be optionally accompanied by a clause-final particle ''il''.  
The interrogkkatetetive mood is used to form questions, like the subjunctive mood, it kkatetelso only distinguishes the present, pkkatetest, kkatetend future tenses in the non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetespect. Interrogkkatetetive stkkatetetements mkkatetey be optionkkatetelly kkateteccompkkatetenied by kkatete clkkateteuse-finkkatetel pkkateterticle ''il''.  


====== The present ======
====== The present ======
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Present interrogative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
|+Present interrogkkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
!
!
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelop'' 'I play?'
|''kelop'' 'I plkkatetey?'
|''kelıs'' 'We play?'
|''kelıs'' 'We plkkatetey?'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelosa'' 'You play?'
|''keloskkatete'' 'You plkkatetey?'
|''kelaı'' 'You play? (plural)'
|''kelkkateteı'' 'You plkkatetey? (plurkkatetel)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelosa'' 'He, she, they, it play?'
|''keloskkatete'' 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey?'
|''keloi'' 'They play? (plural)'
|''keloi'' 'They plkkatetey? (plurkkatetel)'
|}
|}


====== The future ======
====== The future ======
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Future interrogative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
|+Future interrogkkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
!
!
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''keler'' 'I play'
|''keler'' 'I plkkatetey'
|''kelar'' 'We play'
|''kelkkateter'' 'We plkkatetey'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''keloa'' 'You play'
|''kelokkatete'' 'You plkkatetey'
|''keloa'' 'You play (plural)'
|''kelokkatete'' 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''keluı'' 'He, she, they, it play'
|''keluı'' 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey'
|''keluı'' 'They play (plural)'
|''keluı'' 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|}
|}


====== The past ======
====== The pkkatetest ======
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Past interrogative forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
|+Pkkatetest interrogkkatetetive forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
!
!
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelaz'' 'I play'
|''kelkkatetez'' 'I plkkatetey'
|''kelaz'' 'We play'
|''kelkkatetez'' 'We plkkatetey'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelaz'' 'You play'
|''kelkkatetez'' 'You plkkatetey'
|''kelaz'' 'You play (plural)'
|''kelkkatetez'' 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelonto'' 'He, she, they, it play'
|''kelonto'' 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey'
|''kelıt'' 'They play (plural)'
|''kelıt'' 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|}
|}


==== The habitual aspect ====
==== The hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect ====
The habitual aspect in Alhi is the second of the two synthetic aspects in Alhi. It is used to describe permanent / long-lasting states of being and actions that occur habitually or repeatedly. The habitual aspect distinguishes less moods and tenses than the non-aspectual, as it only has an indicative, in which the present and past tenses are distinguished, and a subjunctive with no tense distinctions. All of the forms of the habitual are formed with an ''e(h)-'' prefix.
The hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect in kkatetelhi is the second of the two synthetic kkatetespects in kkatetelhi. It is used to describe permkkatetenent / long-lkkatetesting stkkatetetes of being kkatetend kkatetections thkkatetet occur hkkatetebitukkatetelly or repekkatetetedly. The hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect distinguishes less moods kkatetend tenses thkkateten the non-kkatetespectukkatetel, kkatetes it only hkkatetes kkateten indickkatetetive, in which the present kkatetend pkkatetest tenses kkatetere distinguished, kkatetend kkatete subjunctive with no tense distinctions. kkatetell of the forms of the hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetere formed with kkateten ''e(h)-'' prefix.


===== The indicative mood =====
===== The indickkatetetive mood =====
The indicative mood in the habitual aspect is considered the default and most simple, as it is used for real statements. This mood in the habitual aspect distinguishes two tenses, present and past.
The indickkatetetive mood in the hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect is considered the defkkateteult kkatetend most simple, kkatetes it is used for rekkatetel stkkatetetements. This mood in the hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect distinguishes two tenses, present kkatetend pkkatetest.


====== The present ======
====== The present ======
The present indicative habitual is used to describe on-going or current habitual actions / states. The forms for this are derived from the non-aspectual indicative present forms.
The present indickkatetetive hkkatetebitukkatetel is used to describe on-going or current hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetections / stkkatetetes. The forms for this kkatetere derived from the non-kkatetespectukkatetel indickkatetetive present forms.


* '''Ejul ei''' ilikin. — '''He eats a lot''' of pancakes.
* '''Ejul ei''' ilikin. — '''He ekkatetets kkatete lot''' of pkkatetenckkatetekes.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Present indicative habitual forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
|+Present indickkatetetive hkkatetebitukkatetel forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
!
!
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''ekela'' 'I play habitually'
|''ekelkkatete'' 'I plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
|''ekelau'' 'We play habitually'
|''ekelkkateteu'' 'We plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''ekelo'' 'You play habitually'
|''ekelo'' 'You plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
|''ekelu'' 'You play habitually (plural)'
|''ekelu'' 'You plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly (plurkkatetel)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''ekel'' 'He, she, they, it plays habitually'
|''ekel'' 'He, she, they, it plkkateteys hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
|''ekeleu'' 'They play habitually (plural)'
|''ekeleu'' 'They plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly (plurkkatetel)'
|}
|}


====== The past ======
====== The pkkatetest ======
The past indicative habitual is used to describe habitual actions / states that happened in the past, corresponding to "used to". The forms for this are derived from the non-aspectual indicative ''near past'' forms.
The pkkatetest indickkatetetive hkkatetebitukkatetel is used to describe hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetections / stkkatetetes thkkatetet hkkateteppened in the pkkatetest, corresponding to "used to". The forms for this kkatetere derived from the non-kkatetespectukkatetel indickkatetetive ''nekkateter pkkatetest'' forms.


* '''Ejulta ei''' ilikin. — '''He used to eat''' pancakes.
* '''Ejultkkatete ei''' ilikin. — '''He used to ekkatetet''' pkkatetenckkatetekes.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Past indicative habitual forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
|+Pkkatetest indickkatetetive hkkatetebitukkatetel forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
!
!
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''ekelat'' 'I used to play'
|''ekelkkatetet'' 'I used to plkkatetey'
|''ekelut'' 'We used to play'
|''ekelut'' 'We used to plkkatetey'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''ekelok'' 'You used to play'
|''ekelok'' 'You used to plkkatetey'
|''ekelota'' 'You used to play (plural)'
|''ekelotkkatete'' 'You used to plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''ekelta'' 'He, she, they, it used to play'
|''ekeltkkatete'' 'He, she, they, it used to plkkatetey'
|''ekelt'' 'They used to play (plural)'
|''ekelt'' 'They used to plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
|}
|}


===== The subjunctive mood =====
===== The subjunctive mood =====
The subjunctive in the habitual is used to indicate doubt, suggestions, wishes, feelings, and other irrealis concepts that were, are, or will be habitually occuring. The forms are derived from the non-aspectual subjunctive present forms.
The subjunctive in the hkkatetebitukkatetel is used to indickkatetete doubt, suggestions, wishes, feelings, kkatetend other irrekkatetelis concepts thkkatetet were, kkatetere, or will be hkkatetebitukkatetelly occuring. The forms kkatetere derived from the non-kkatetespectukkatetel subjunctive present forms.


* '''Ejulai ei''' ilikin. — '''He should eat a lot''' of pancakes.
* '''Ejulkkatetei ei''' ilikin. — '''He should ekkatetet kkatete lot''' of pkkatetenckkatetekes.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Subjunctive habitual forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
|+Subjunctive hkkatetebitukkatetel forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
!
!
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''ekelou'' 'I play habitually'
|''ekelou'' 'I plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
|''ekeloul'' 'We play habitually'
|''ekeloul'' 'We plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''ekelei'' 'You play habitually'
|''ekelei'' 'You plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
|''ekeleil'' 'You play habitually (plural)'
|''ekeleil'' 'You plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly (plurkkatetel)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''ekelai'' 'He, she, they, it play habitually'
|''ekelkkatetei'' 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
|''ekelail'' 'They play habitually (plural)'
|''ekelkkateteil'' 'They plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly (plurkkatetel)'
|}
|}


==== The perfect aspect ====
==== The perfect kkatetespect ====
The perfect aspect in Alhi is one of many periphrastic verbal forms. It is formed with the construction of '''infinitive form of verb + non-aspectual indicative far-past conjugation of ''vulun'''''. It corresponds to "have [verb]-ed/-en".
The perfect kkatetespect in kkatetelhi is one of mkkateteny periphrkkatetestic verbkkatetel forms. It is formed with the construction of '''infinitive form of verb + non-kkatetespectukkatetel indickkatetetive fkkateter-pkkatetest conjugkkatetetion of ''vulun'''''. It corresponds to "hkkateteve [verb]-ed/-en".


* '''Edosun souj''' oum! — '''I have thrown''' that!
* '''Edosun souj''' oum! — '''I hkkateteve thrown''' thkkatetet!


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Perfect aspect forms of ''kelun'' 'to play'
|+Perfect kkatetespect forms of ''kelun'' 'to plkkatetey'
!
!
!Singular
!Singulkkateter
!Plural
!Plurkkatetel
|-
|-
|'''First person'''
|'''First person'''
|''kelun souj'' 'I have played'
|''kelun souj'' 'I hkkateteve plkkateteyed'
|''kelun soj'' 'We have played'
|''kelun soj'' 'We hkkateteve plkkateteyed'
|-
|-
|'''Second person'''
|'''Second person'''
|''kelun suj'' 'You have played'
|''kelun suj'' 'You hkkateteve plkkateteyed'
|''kelun suj'' 'You have played (plural)'
|''kelun suj'' 'You hkkateteve plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
|-
|-
|'''Third person'''
|'''Third person'''
|''kelun seija'' 'He, she, they, it have played'
|''kelun seijkkatete'' 'He, she, they, it hkkateteve plkkateteyed'
|''kelun seca'' 'They have played (plural)'
|''kelun seckkatete'' 'They hkkateteve plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
|}
|}


==== The progressive aspect ====
==== The progressive kkatetespect ====
The progressive aspect corresponds to actions that are ongoing. It is formed with the construction of '''stem of verb''' (verb without its infinitive) '''+ conjugated form of ''vulun'''''<nowiki/>''.'' Due to ''vulun'' being able to be conjugated for any form in this aspect, the progressive takes on all of the forms of a verb. This aspect does not require a subject pronoun.
The progressive kkatetespect corresponds to kkatetections thkkatetet kkatetere ongoing. It is formed with the construction of '''stem of verb''' (verb without its infinitive) '''+ conjugkkateteted form of ''vulun'''''''.'' Due to ''vulun'' being kkateteble to be conjugkkateteted for kkateteny form in this kkatetespect, the progressive tkkatetekes on kkatetell of the forms of kkatete verb. This kkatetespect does not require kkatete subject pronoun.


* '''Jul vo.''' — '''I am eating.'''
* '''Jul vo.''' — '''I kkatetem ekkateteting.'''


==== Other periphrastic aspects ====
==== Other periphrkkatetestic kkatetespects ====
Many other aspects in Alhi are formed with adverbs. This is a non-exhaustive list with constructions.
Mkkateteny other kkatetespects in kkatetelhi kkatetere formed with kkatetedverbs. This is kkatete non-exhkkateteustive list with constructions.


* The iterative aspect, formed with the construction of '''conjugated form of verb''' '''+ ''lakas''''' 'again'. This conveys a singular repetition of an action.
* The iterkkatetetive kkatetespect, formed with the construction of '''conjugkkateteted form of verb''' '''+ ''lkkatetekkkatetes''''' 'kkatetegkkatetein'. This conveys kkatete singulkkateter repetition of kkateten kkatetection.
* [placeholder]
* [plkkateteceholder]


==== Other verbal forms ====
==== Other verbkkatetel forms ====
Alhi has many different verbal forms that aren't tense, aspect, or mood. This section covers most of them.
kkatetelhi hkkatetes mkkateteny different verbkkatetel forms thkkatetet kkateteren't tense, kkatetespect, or mood. This section covers most of them.


===== The causative =====
===== The ckkateteuskkatetetive =====
The causative denotes an action that indicates the subject causing someone to do something. The forms of the causative are derived from a verb, ''usun'' 'to force'. The stem of the verb, ''us'', was erased over constant usage and due to the construction of the causative being '''infinitive of verb + conjugated form of ''usun''''', the construction is now '''infinitive of verb''' '''+ affix of conjugated form''', for example: '''''Juluna''' ejo eis.'' '<nowiki/>'''I made''' it '''eat'''<nowiki/>'.
The ckkateteuskkatetetive denotes kkateten kkatetection thkkatetet indickkatetetes the subject ckkateteusing someone to do something. The forms of the ckkateteuskkatetetive kkatetere derived from kkatete verb, ''usun'' 'to force'. The stem of the verb, ''us'', wkkatetes erkkatetesed over constkkatetent uskkatetege kkatetend due to the construction of the ckkateteuskkatetetive being '''infinitive of verb + conjugkkateteted form of ''usun''''', the construction is now '''infinitive of verb''' '''+ kkateteffix of conjugkkateteted form''', for exkkatetemple: '''''Julunkkatete''' ejo eis.'' ''''I mkkatetede''' it '''ekkatetet'''<nowiki/>'.


===== The reflexive =====
===== The reflexive =====
The reflexive denotes the subject and direct object of a verb being the same, it is indicated with a post-verbal particle ''hei'', corresponding to 'oneself'. For example: ''Fojostaba hei''. 'I showered myself'. The reflexive makes the requirement of a subject pronoun optional, and it is up to the speaker if they wish to include a subject pronoun.
The reflexive denotes the subject kkatetend direct object of kkatete verb being the skkateteme, it is indickkateteted with kkatete post-verbkkatetel pkkateterticle ''hei'', corresponding to 'oneself'. For exkkatetemple: ''Fojostkkatetebkkatete hei''. 'I showered myself'. The reflexive mkkatetekes the requirement of kkatete subject pronoun optionkkatetel, kkatetend it is up to the spekkateteker if they wish to include kkatete subject pronoun.


==== The passive voice ====
==== The pkkatetessive voice ====
Alhi has a second voice in its verbs. All of the forms above have been in the active voice, which is the default unmarked one. Generally, the passive voice is marked with an ''a(h)-'' prefix, but this doesn't occur for all forms. In the passive habitual, instead of the marking being ''a(h)e(h)-'', it simply becomes ''u(h)-''. The passive voice also changes the word order of a sentence. In the active voice, the canonical word order is VSO, but in the passive, it becomes VOS.
kkatetelhi hkkatetes kkatete second voice in its verbs. kkatetell of the forms kkatetebove hkkateteve been in the kkatetective voice, which is the defkkateteult unmkkateterked one. Generkkatetelly, the pkkatetessive voice is mkkateterked with kkateten ''kkatete(h)-'' prefix, but this doesn't occur for kkatetell forms. In the pkkatetessive hkkatetebitukkatetel, instekkateted of the mkkateterking being ''kkatete(h)e(h)-'', it simply becomes ''u(h)-''. The pkkatetessive voice kkatetelso chkkatetenges the word order of kkatete sentence. In the kkatetective voice, the ckkatetenonickkatetel word order is VSO, but in the pkkatetessive, it becomes VOS.


* Ec<u>a</u> '''ejo''' <u>eis</u>. — '''I''' saw <u>it</u>.
* Ec<u>kkatete</u> '''ejo''' <u>eis</u>. — '''I''' skkatetew <u>it</u>.
* Ec<u>ec</u> '''ejın''' <u>ei</u> — <u>It</u> was seen by '''me'''.
* Ec<u>ec</u> '''ejın''' <u>ei</u> — <u>It</u> wkkatetes seen by '''me'''.

Revision as of 01:41, 24 April 2024

kkatetelhi, specifickkatetelly Modern kkatetelhi is kkateten kkatetelhic lkkatetengukkatetege thkkatetet evolved from Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi. It is spoken primkkateterily in kkatetelloti kkatetend its oversekkatetes territories, with kkatetebout 70 million nkkatetetive spekkatetekers, kkatetend kkatetebout 100 million when including non-nkkatetetive spekkatetekers. kkatetelhi wkkatetes kkatetelso once kkatete lkkatetengukkatetege of high prestige in Cring, kkatetes in [plkkateteceholder dkkatetete], Cring wkkatetes controlled but not completely integrkkateteted into kkatetelloti. Since then, kkatetelhi slowly lost its presence in Cring.

kkatetelhi is relkkateteted to Kes, kkatetenother kkatetelhic lkkatetengukkatetege, spoken in centrkkatetel kkatetelloti. kkatetelhi's first texts ckkateten be trkkateteced bkkateteck to [plkkateteceholder dkkatetete], being written in kkatetelhi's nkkatetetive script, Oulkkatetej. Oulkkatetej is still used to write kkatetelhi todkkatetey, kkatetend kkatete vkkateterikkatetetion of it is used to write Kes. Tovkkatete, kkatetenother nkkatetetive lkkatetengukkatetege of kkatetelloti (but unrelkkateteted to kkatetelhi kkatetend Kes), wkkatetes once written in Oulkkatetej, but Tovkkatete's originkkatetel script regkkateteined populkkateter use kkatetend Oulkkatetej's use to write Tovkkatete is purely historickkatetel.

kkatetes kkateten kkatetelhic lkkatetengukkatetege, kkateteround 95% of kkatetelhi's modern vockkatetebulkkatetery is derived from Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi, but the rest is from borrowings from Tovkkatete, Kes, Loremese, Cring, kkatetend other lkkatetengukkateteges.

Nkkateteme of the lkkatetengukkatetege kkatetend etymology

The only nkkateteme thkkatetet kkatetelhi hkkatetes is kkatetelhi itself, but different pronuncikkatetetions ckkateten be hekkateterd throughout kkatetelloti. The etymology of the nkkateteme is unknown but it is hypothesized to be relkkateteted to the nkkateteme of the country kkatetelloti.

History of the lkkatetengukkatetege

Like other kkatetelhic lkkatetengukkateteges, kkatetelhi evolved from Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi, originkkateteting in the north-west of kkatetelloti. Due to expkkatetension, kkatetelhi eventukkatetelly sprekkateted kkatetell kkatetecross kkatetelloti, before coming in contkkatetect with Tovkkatete. Mkkateteny other nkkatetetive lkkatetengukkateteges kkatetere hypothesized to hkkateteve existed in the kkateterekkatetes thkkatetet were controlled by kkatetelhi-spekkateteking people, but no written records exist kkatetend their only remnkkatetents kkatetere lokkatetenwords with questionkkateteble etymologies.

The first documents written in kkatetelhi ckkateten be trkkateteced bkkateteck to [plkkateteceholder dkkatetete], being kkateten older form of kkatetelhi.

Due to contkkatetect with spekkatetekers of Tovkkatete, much conflict hkkateted broken out between the two groups. The kkateterekkatetes of conflict were subject to linguistic discriminkkatetetion kkatetend mkkateteny lokkatetenwords entered both lkkatetengukkateteges. Still to this dkkatetey, dikkatetelects of kkatetelhi spoken nekkateter where Tovkkatete is the primkkatetery lkkatetengukkatetege hkkateteve mkkateteny Tovkkatete lokkatetenwords.

kkatetelhi kkatetes kkatete lkkatetengukkatetege did not phonologickkatetelly chkkatetenge much from its predecessor kkatetes most of the chkkatetenges were grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetel kkatetend semkkatetentic. kkateten exkkatetemple of kkatete sound shift is Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi's dentkkatetel frickkatetetive set, /θ ð/ becoming stops, /t d/ ([t̪ d̪]).

Geogrkkatetephickkatetel distribution

kkatetelhi is the primkkatetery lkkatetengukkatetege of kkatetelloti kkatetend its oversekkatetes territories. It is estimkkateteted thkkatetet kkatetelhi hkkatetes 70 million nkkatetetive spekkatetekers, mkkateteking it the 2nd most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege by kkatetemount of nkkatetetive spekkatetekers. When including non-nkkatetetive spekkatetekers, kkatetelhi hkkatetes kkateteround 100 million, mkkateteking it the 2nd most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege in the world. On the internet, kkatetelhi is the [number]th most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege.

kkatetelloti

kkatetelhi is one of three officikkatetel lkkatetengukkateteges of kkatetelloti, kkatetend it is the most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege in kkatetelloti. It is tkkateteught in schools kkatetes kkatete mkkatetendkkatetetory subject for the lkkatetest three yekkateters of grkkatetede school, kkatetend is kkatetevkkateteilkkateteble in kkatetell colleges kkatetend universities in kkatetelloti for lekkateterning kkatetend study. In the [century]s, kkatetelhi wkkatetes the only officikkatetel lkkatetengukkatetege of kkatetelloti, with uskkatetege of other lkkatetengukkateteges being discourkkateteged kkatetend often punished.

Ojkkatetenkkkatete

Ojkkatetenkkkatete, kkatete set of five islkkatetends controlled simultkkateteneously by both kkatetelloti kkatetend Mkkatetellikkatete, kkatetelhi is kkateten officikkatetel lkkatetengukkatetege. Most people on Ojkkatetenkkkatete spekkatetek both kkatetelhi kkatetend Mkkatetellikkateten, with rokkateted signs, other signs, kkatetend text being written in both kkatetelhi kkatetend Mkkatetellikkateten.

Sinovoz

Sinovoz, kkatete lkkateterge islkkatetend lockkateteted in the middle of the Bellic Sekkatete wkkatetes kkatetelso kkatete colony of kkatetelloti. kkatetelhi hkkateted been kkateten officikkatetel lkkatetengukkatetege until Sinovoz's independence. The nkkatetetive lkkatetengukkatetege of Sinovoz, Piriň, hkkatetes gkkateteined more kkatetend more use kkatetend now is the most spoken lkkatetengukkatetege on Sinovoz, but kkatetelhi is still widely spoken kkatetend some kkateterekkatetes on the islkkatetend kkatetere still mkkatetejority kkatetelhi spekkateteking. Signs kkatetend text kkatetere trkkatetenslkkateteted into both Piriň kkatetend kkatetelhi, but mkkateteny signs in only Piriň kkateteppekkateter commonly in the ckkatetepitkkatetel of Sinovoz, Sinovoz-Ler.

Grkkatetemmkkateter

kkatetelhi shkkateteres mkkateteny grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetel fekkatetetures with its relkkatetetive, Kes. kkatetelhi is clkkatetessified kkatetes kkatete fusionkkatetel lkkatetengukkatetege, mkkateterking multiple fekkatetetures of verbs, nouns, etc. with singulkkateter kkateteffixes. Nouns kkatetend kkatetedjectives exhibit two definitenesses (indefinite kkatetend definite), two numbers (singulkkateter kkatetend plurkkatetel), kkatetend five ckkateteses (nominkkatetetive, kkateteccuskkatetetive, dkkatetetive, lockkatetetive, kkatetend comitkkatetetive). Verbs exhibit four moods (indickkatetetive, subjunctive, imperkkatetetive, kkatetend interrogkkatetetive), multiple tenses depending on the mood, two synthetic kkatetespects (non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetend hkkatetebitukkatetel), kkatetend kkatete periphrkkatetestic kkatetespect (progressive). Verbs hkkateteve multiple non-finite forms, hkkateteving pkkatetest, present, kkatetend future pkkateterticiples; gerunds; two types of kkatetegentives (non-humkkateten kkatetend humkkateten) kkatetend kkatete verbkkatetel noun.

T-V Distinction

kkatetelhi exhibits kkatete T-V distinction, hkkateteving fkkatetemilikkateter kkatetend formkkatetel forms of 2nd kkatetend 3rd person pronouns. Fkkatetemilikkateter forms kkatetere grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetelly singulkkateter kkatetend formkkatetel forms kkatetere grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetelly plurkkatetel. Verbs conjugkkatetete to reflect this shift.

Mon vs. Ner

Mon is the fkkatetemilikkateter, informkkatetel 2nd person pronoun, it is grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetelly singulkkateter kkatetend it is used when tkkatetelking to someone who is younger thkkateten the user or if they kkatetere in kkatete lower position thkkateten the user, such kkatetes in kkatete job, or for people of equkkatetel kkatetege kkatetes the user. This contrkkatetests with ner, which is grkkatetemmkkatetetickkatetelly plurkkatetel, it is the more respectful of the two kkatetend it is used when referring to someone older thkkateten the user, or someone in kkatete superior position thkkateten the user, or simply for respect.

Ei/Eis vs. Eil/Eiskkatetel

Just like mon kkatetend ner, kkatetelhi kkatetelso hkkatetes kkatete T-V distinction in the third person. The demonstrkkatetetives ei kkatetend eis kkatetere used in the skkateteme wkkatetey kkatetes mon, kkatetend they ckkateten refer to kkateteny person or thing. The demonstrkkatetetives eil kkatetend eiskkatetel kkatetere plurkkatetel, kkatetend kkatetere used like ner. kkatetell of these kkatetere proximkkatetel in their spkkatetetikkatetel deixis.

Ou, Oul, Oum, kkatetend Oulum

Ou, Oul, Oum, kkatetend Oulum kkatetere kkatetell distkkatetel demonstrkkatetetives. Ou kkatetend oum mekkateten 'thkkatetet', oul kkatetend oulum mekkateten 'those'. These kkatetere not used to refer to people/things in the subject or direct object of verbs, but only kkatetes the indirect object if the direct object is kkatetelso in the 3rd person.

Pronouns

kkatetelhi hkkatetes kkatete relkkatetetively simple set of pronouns, kkatete notkkateteble fekkateteture is thkkatetet kkatetelhi only hkkatetes two true persons in its set of pronouns, using demonstrkkatetetives for the third person.

Personkkatetel pronouns

Pronoun tkkateteble of kkatetelhi
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
1st 2nd 1st 2nd
Nominkkatetetive ejo mon voi ner
kkateteccuskkatetetive ejın mıln vın nen
Dkkatetetive ehus mos vis nies
Possessive ej mo vi nkkatete
Lockkatetetive eji mi nkkatetes
Vockkatetetive mu! nuo!

kkatetelhi hkkatetes no vockkatetetive forms for the 1st person pronouns of either number. The possessive forms, ej, mo, vi, nkkatete behkkateteve more like suffixes, kkatetes they tkkateteck onto the ends of the nouns being possessed. If kkatete noun hkkatetes one kkatetedjective kkatetefter it, it will kkatetelso hkkateteve the possessive kkateteffix, but if kkatete noun hkkatetes multiple kkatetedjectives kkatetefter it, only the noun will hkkateteve the kkateteffix. Thus, koudkkatete-ej 'my fkkatetemily', koudkkatete-ej kkatetedkkatete-ej 'my big fkkatetemily', kkatetend koudkkatete-ej kkatetedkkatete col 'my big, good fkkatetemily'.

Demonstrkkatetetive pronouns kkatetend third-person pronouns

Demonstrkkatetetive tkkateteble of kkatetelhi
Spkkatetetikkatetel Deixis
Proximkkatetel Distkkatetel
Nominkkatetetive Singulkkateter ei ou
Plurkkatetel eil oul
Oblique Singulkkateter eis oum
Plurkkatetel eiskkatetel oulum

These kkatetere the demonstrkkatetetives in kkatetelhi. They kkatetere used in plkkatetece of third person pronouns kkatetend kkatetere kkatetelso used for demonstrkkatetetives normkkatetelly. One could trkkatetenslkkatetete the demonstrkkatetetive ei kkatetes 'this, they, he, she, it'. When demonstrkkatetetives kkatetere used with kkatete noun, the demonstrkkatetetive will go before the noun. Thus, ou pilos 'thkkatetet food'. The possessive form used to indickkatetete 'his, her(s), their(s), its' is eis, kkatetend it kkatetelso behkkateteves like kkatete suffix. E.g. koudkkatete-eis 'their fkkatetemily'.

Nouns

kkatetelhi nouns kkatetere declined for definiteness, number, kkatetend ckkatetese. They kkatetere not mkkateterking sepkkateterkkatetetely, but mkkateterked together in kkatete single kkateteffix. The bkkatetese form of kkatete noun is the indefinite, nominkkatetetive, singulkkateter form, which hkkatetes no mkkateterking. Nouns kkatetere sorted into three declensions, kkatetend they fit into one of them, depending on the lkkatetest vowel of the noun. Nouns with /kkatete/ kkatetes their finkkatetel vowel kkatetere kkatete-type, nouns with either /i/, /e/ or /ɨ/ kkatetes their finkkatetel vowel kkatetere I-type, kkatetend nouns with either /u/, /o/, or /ɨ/ kkatetes their finkkatetel vowel kkatetere U-type. kkatete specikkatetel instkkatetence is when kkatete noun hkkatetes its finkkatetel vowel kkatetes /ɨ/, such kkatetes the word ıs 'god', these nouns kkatetere either I-type or U-type, kkatetend there is no pkkatetettern kkatetes to which declension they kkatetere, but most of them kkatetere I-type. However, different dikkatetelects will hkkateteve different declensions for these types of nouns.

Declension of vkkatetes 'humkkateten', kkateten kkatete-type noun
Indefinite Definite
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
Nominkkatetetive vkkatetes vkkateteskkatetel vkkateteskkateteli vkkatetesei
kkateteccuskkatetetive vkkateteskkatete vkkateteskkateten vkkatetesel vkkateteskkatetes
Dkkatetetive vkkateteskkateter vkkateteskkatetend vkkateteskkatetey
Lockkatetetive vkkatetesem vkkatetesel
Comitkkatetetive vkkatetesor
Declension of udut 'child', kkatete U-type noun
Indefinite Definite
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
Nominkkatetetive udut udutul udutuli udutkkateteu
kkateteccuskkatetetive udutu udutun udutuni udutos
Dkkatetetive udutur udutund udutuy
Lockkatetetive udutem udutel
Comitkkatetetive udutor
Declension of kkateteni 'womkkateten', kkateten I-type noun
Indefinite Definite
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
Nominkkatetetive kkateteni kkatetenihil kkatetenihili kkatetenihkkatetei
kkateteccuskkatetetive kkatetenihi kkatetenihin kkatetenihini kkatetenihkkatetes
Dkkatetetive kkatetenihir kkatetenihind kkatetenihiyi
Lockkatetetive kkatetenihem kkatetenihel
Comitkkatetetive kkatetenihor

Noun ckkateteses

The different noun ckkateteses perform different functions in nouns, this section will cover whkkatetet ekkatetech of them does individukkatetelly.

The nominkkatetetive ckkatetese

The nominkkatetetive ckkatetese simply mkkateterks the subject of kkatete verb, beckkateteuse kkatetelhi hkkatetes kkatete ckkatetenonickkatetel word order of Verb-Subject-Object, this is usukkatetelly the second element in kkatete bkkatetesic sentence. For exkkatetemple, the sentence Dkkateteontkkatete kkatetenihili eis 'The womkkateten recieved it', the subject: kkatetenihili (kkateteni), is in the nominkkatetetive ckkatetese.

The kkateteccuskkatetetive ckkatetese

The kkateteccuskkatetetive ckkatetese mkkateterks direct objects of kkatete verb, this is usukkatetelly the lkkatetest element in kkatete bkkatetesic sentence. Using the exkkatetemple sentence from the section kkatetebove, Dkkateteontkkatete kkatetenihili eis 'The womkkateten recieved it', the direct object: eis (ei), is mkkateterked in the kkateteccuskkatetetive ckkatetese. kkatetelso, it is importkkatetent to know thkkatetet in the indefinite singulkkateter for kkatetell nouns, the kkateteccuskkatetetive kkatetend dkkatetetive form is the skkateteme.

The dkkatetetive ckkatetese

The dkkatetetive ckkatetese mkkateterks indirect objects of kkatete trkkatetensitive verb or the kkatetergument of kkateten intrkkatetensitive verb, kkatetend in kkatetelhi, indirect objects ckkateten be before or kkatetefter the object in kkatete trkkatetensitive verb. Tkkateteke for exkkatetemple, Tenkkatetev ejo eis mikkatetehkkatete 'I gkkateteve it to kkatete ckkatetet'. This is kkatete trkkatetensitive verb, kkatetend mikkatetehkkatete (mikkatete) is mkkateterked for the dkkatetetive ckkatetese. kkatetenother exkkatetemple with kkateten intrkkatetensitive verb is Olkkatete ejo mikkatetehkkatete 'I tkkatetelked to kkatete ckkatetet', the kkatetergument of the intrkkatetensitive verb is mkkateterked in the dkkatetetive.

The lockkatetetive ckkatetese

The lockkatetetive ckkatetese simply mkkateterks the lockkatetetion of kkatete noun, it ckkateten kkatetelso mkkateterk movement like kkateten kkateteblkkatetetive. Number is not distinguished in this ckkatetese, only definiteness is.

The comitkkatetetive ckkatetese

The comitkkatetetive ckkatetese mkkateterks kkateteccompkkateteniment, kkatetes in 'with' kkatete person, or instrumentkkatetel uskkatetege like 'with' kkatete knife. It corresponds to 'with'. This ckkatetese hkkatetes only one form kkatetecross kkatetell definitenesses kkatetend numbers. It is derived from kkateten kkateteffixkkatetetion of the postposition lor 'with'.

Genitive constructions

The genitive in kkatetelhi is formed with this construction: noun + [possessed object-eis]. For exkkatetemple, "your mom's food" would be kkatetemkkatete-mo pilos-eis, this literkkatetelly trkkatetenslkkatetetes to "your mom her food".

kkatetedjectives kkatetend kkatetedverbs (modifiers)

kkatetedjectives in kkatetelhi decline just like nouns to kkatetegree with them, they kkatetelso hkkateteve the three declensions thkkatetet nouns do. kkatetedverbs kkatetere not phonologickkatetelly unique from kkatetedjectives, so they hkkateteve the skkateteme form. kkatetedjectives kkatetend kkatetedverbs kkatetelwkkateteys go kkatetefter the word they modify.

Declension of kkatetedkkatete 'big', kkateten kkatete-type kkatetedjective
Indefinite Definite
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
Nominkkatetetive kkatetedkkatete kkatetedkkatetehkkatetel kkatetedkkatetehkkateteli kkatetedkkatetehei
kkateteccuskkatetetive kkatetedkkatetehkkatete kkatetedkkatetehkkateten kkatetedkkatetehel kkatetedkkatetehkkatetes
Dkkatetetive kkatetedkkatetehkkateter kkatetedkkatetehkkatetend kkatetedkkatetehkkatetey
Lockkatetetive kkatetedkkatetehem kkatetedkkatetehel
Comitkkatetetive kkatetedkkatetehor
Declension of lur 'green', kkatete U-type kkatetedjective
Indefinite Definite
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
Nominkkatetetive lur lurul luruli lurkkateteu
kkateteccuskkatetetive luru lurun luruni luros
Dkkatetetive lurur lurund luruy
Lockkatetetive lurem lurel
Comitkkatetetive luror
Declension of nist 'hekkatetevy', kkateten I-type kkatetedjective
Indefinite Definite
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
Nominkkatetetive nist nistil nistili nistkkatetei
kkateteccuskkatetetive nisti nistin nistini nistkkatetes
Dkkatetetive nistir nistind nistiyi
Lockkatetetive nistem nistel
Comitkkatetetive nistor

Positive, compkkateterkkatetetive, kkatetend superlkkatetetive forms of kkatetedjectives

kkatetedjectives in kkatetelhi hkkateteve three degrees of compkkateterison, the defkkateteult form of kkateten kkatetedjective is the positive. Compkkateterkkatetetive kkatetend superlkkatetetive forms of kkatetedjectives still decline for kkatetell of the forms thkkatetet positive forms do. The compkkateterkkatetetive is formed by kkateteffixing -sei to the declined positive form. The superlkkatetetive is formed the skkateteme wkkatetey but with kkatete prefix os-.

Positive declension of nist 'hekkatetevy'
Indefinite Definite
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
Nominkkatetetive nist nistil nistili nistkkatetei
kkateteccuskkatetetive nisti nistin nistini nistkkatetes
Dkkatetetive nistir nistind nistiyi
Lockkatetetive nistem nistel
Comitkkatetetive nistor
Compkkateterkkatetetive declension of nist 'hekkatetevy'
Indefinite Definite
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
Nominkkatetetive nistsei nistilsei nistilisei nistkkateteisei
kkateteccuskkatetetive nistisei nistinsei nistinisei nistkkatetesei
Dkkatetetive nistirsei nistindsei nistiyisei
Lockkatetetive nistemsei nistelsei
Comitkkatetetive nistorsei

Note thkkatetet nistkkatetesei is not supposed to be nistkkatetessei, kkatetes kkatetelhi does not hkkateteve geminkkatetetes. Positive forms thkkatetet end in kkatete voiced obstruent, nkkateteskkatetel, or kkatetepproximkkatetent ckkateteuse the /s/ in -sei to become voiced to [z]. These forms correspond to 'hekkatetevier'.

Superlkkatetetive declension of nist 'hekkatetevy'
Indefinite Definite
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
Nominkkatetetive osnist osnistil osnistili osnistkkatetei
kkateteccuskkatetetive osnisti osnistin osnistini osnistkkatetes
Dkkatetetive osnistir osnistind osnistiyi
Lockkatetetive osnistem osnistel
Comitkkatetetive osnistor

Specikkatetel forms of the indefinite nominkkatetetive plurkkatetel

Mkkateteny nouns kkatetend kkatetedjectives in kkatetelhi end in il, ul, or kkatetel. When these nouns kkatetere declined, this ckkateteuses those endings to be repekkateteted twice, but different endings kkatetere employed to prevent this.

kkateteffixes to kkatetevoid repitition
Ending of noun Indefinite nominkkatetetive plurkkatetel kkateteffix
-kkatetel -il
-ul
-il -kkatetel

For exkkatetemple, the word dujul 'piece, kkatetellotikkateten currency' would be dujulul if this pkkateterkkatetedigm did not exist, but the kkatetectukkatetel form is dujulil.

Postpositions

Postpositions, kkatetes stkkateteted in the nkkateteme, generkkatetelly go kkatetefter nouns. The only time they do not go kkatetefter nouns is if they hkkateteve kkateten kkatetedjective modifying them, in thkkatetet situkkatetetion they will go before the noun.

List of postpositions
Word in kkatetelhi Trkkatetenslkkatetetion
ler in, on
lor with, kkatetemongst
dkkatetejkkatete kkatetegkkateteinst
te without
o kkatetet
ede of

Verbs

Verbs in kkatetelhi kkatetere the most inflecting pkkatetert of speech in the lkkatetengukkatetege, kkatetes they conjugkkatetete for multiple moods, kkatetespects, tenses, they kkatetelso hkkateteve multiple compound (periphrkkatetestic) tenses. kkatetell verbs hkkateteve one singulkkateter wkkatetey of conjugkkatetetion with minor kkatetelterkkatetetions for ekkatetese of pronuncikkatetetion.

The tenses thkkatetet exist in kkatetelhi verbs kkatetere: the present, the future, the nekkateter pkkatetest, kkatetend the future pkkatetest. This 4-wkkatetey distinction only exists in indickkatetetive mood of the non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetespect & progressive kkatetespect. Most other moods only distinguish present, future, kkatetend pkkatetest.

The non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetespect

The 'non-kkatetespectukkatetel' kkatetespect in kkatetelhi verbs corresponds to kkatetections thkkatetet kkatetere perfective in nkkateteture, not perfect, kkatetes thkkatetet is kkatetenother kkatetespect on its own.

The indickkatetetive mood

The indickkatetetive mood in kkatetelhi is used to convey rekkatetel informkkatetetion, stkkatetetements, or fkkatetects.

The present

The present tense in the indickkatetetive mood corresponds to kkatetections thkkatetet occur in the 'now'.

  • Vo colu. — I kkatetem good. (The copulkkatete, vulun, is the only verb to not require kkatete subject pronoun.)
  • Dkkateteon ei heitiri. — She recieves kkatete sword.
  • Keleu eil heilor. — They plkkatetey kkatetemongst themselves.
Present indickkatetetive forms of kelun 'to plkkatetey'
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
First person kelkkatete 'I plkkatetey' kelkkateteu 'We plkkatetey'
Second person kelo 'You plkkatetey' kelu 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
Third person kel 'He, she, they, it plkkateteys' keleu 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'

Verbs in the third person present indickkatetetive non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetere the skkateteme kkatetes the stem of the verb (infinitive-less verb).

The future

The future tense in the indickkatetetive mood corresponds to kkatetections thkkatetet occur in the future or 'lkkateteter'. Unlike the pkkatetest tense, this future tense corresponds to kkateteny kkatetection thkkatetet will occur in kkateteny kkatetemount of time in the future. In Clkkatetessickkatetel kkatetelhi, there wkkatetes distinct nekkateter future kkatetend fkkateter future tense but this system eventukkatetelly collkkatetepsed to one singulkkateter future tense.

  • Vos lozkuliz. — I will be kkatete husbkkatetend.
  • Ojelf ei. — She will chkkatetenge.
  • Edoskkatetem eil oum. — They will throw it.
Future indickkatetetive forms of kelun 'to plkkatetey'
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
First person kelkkatetev 'I will plkkatetey' kelkkateten 'We will plkkatetey'
Second person kelo 'You will plkkatetey' keln 'You will plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
Third person kelf 'He, she, they, it will plkkatetey' kelkkatetem 'They will plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
The nekkateter (proximkkatetel) pkkatetest

kkatetes is stkkateteted in the nkkateteme, the nekkateter pkkatetest is used to refer to kkatetections thkkatetet hkkateteve recently occured. The window of 'recency' is relkkatetetive to the time frkkateteme, if estkkateteblished, in the converskkatetetion. For exkkatetemple, if one wkkatetes tkkatetelking kkatetebout kkatetections thkkatetet occured lkkatetest week, then kkatetections thkkatetet occured yesterdkkatetey or two dkkateteys kkatetego would be in the nekkateter pkkatetest. If kkateten kkatetection hkkatetes 'just' occured, then the verb will kkatetelwkkateteys be conjugkkateteted for the nekkateter pkkatetest.

  • Julkkatetet ejo. — I just kkatetete.
  • Ridut fojkkatetelhulkkatetesez eis. — We recently bought kkatete ckkateter for him.
Nekkateter pkkatetest indickkatetetive forms of kelun 'to plkkatetey'
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
First person kelkkatetet 'I recently plkkateteyed' kelut 'We recently plkkateteyed'
Second person kelok 'You recently plkkateteyed' kelotkkatete 'You recently plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
Third person keltkkatete 'He, she, they, it recently plkkateteyed' kelt 'They recently plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
The fkkateter (distkkatetel) pkkatetest

The distkkatetel pkkatetest refers to kkatetections thkkatetet occured 'kkatete long time kkatetego'. Just like the proximkkatetel pkkatetest, this window of 'long time kkatetego' is dependkkatetent on the estkkateteblished time frkkateteme. If no time frkkateteme hkkatetes been estkkateteblished, then verbs will be conjugkkateteted for this tense, except for if the kkatetection hkkateted 'just' occured.

  • Seijkkatete on. — He wkkatetes sleeping.
  • Mkkatetegec ei oum kouhu o. — He left (kkatete while kkatetego) it kkatetet the door.
Fkkateter pkkatetest indickkatetetive forms of kelun 'to plkkatetey'
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
First person kelkkatete 'I plkkateteyed' kelkkatete 'We plkkateteyed'
Second person keli 'You plkkateteyed' kelockkatete 'You plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
Third person kelec 'He, she, they, it plkkateteyed' kelnkkatete 'They plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
The subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood in kkatetelhi is used to convey doubt, feelings, wishes, opinions, suggestions, etc. It ckkateten kkatetelso be used for impersonkkatetel stkkatetetements like Hido colu... 'It is good...'. Some uskkateteges of the subjunctive mkkatetey involve kkatete relkkatetetive clkkateteuse, such kkatetes Mo kelei mon, hido tusu. "It is bkkateted thkkatetet you wouldn't plkkatetey." The subjunctive mood in the non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetespect distinguishes only three tenses: pkkatetest, present, kkatetend future.

The present
Present subjunctive forms of kelun 'to plkkatetey'
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
First person kelou 'I plkkatetey' keloul 'We plkkatetey'
Second person kelei 'You plkkatetey' keleil 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
Third person kelkkatetei 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey' kelkkateteil 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
The future
Future subjunctive forms of kelun 'to plkkatetey'
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
First person kelunkkatete 'I plkkatetey' kelin 'We plkkatetey'
Second person kelonkkatete 'You plkkatetey' kelul 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
Third person kelon 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey' kelkkatetenkkatete 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
The pkkatetest
Pkkatetest subjunctive forms of kelun 'to plkkatetey'
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
First person kelkkkatete 'I plkkatetey' kelni 'We plkkatetey'
Second person kelci 'You plkkatetey' kelkou 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
Third person kelkkatetejkkatete 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey' kelno 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
The imperkkatetetive mood

The imperkkatetetive mood is used mostly used to convey commkkatetends or orders, but sometimes it is used to used to convey kkateten optkkatetetive. The imperkkatetetive mood hkkatetes two distinctions, regulkkateter kkatetend polite, these distinctions correspond to kkatete T-V system, where regulkkateter is the "T" (mon, ei) kkatetend polite is the "V" (ner, eil). The optkkatetetive is restricted to the polite distinction. There kkatetere no 1st-person imperkkatetetives, only 2nd kkatetend 3rd-person imperkkatetetives. Third-person regulkkateter imperkkatetetives hkkateteve the sense of kkatete jussive.

The regulkkateter imperkkatetetive

The regulkkateter imperkkatetetive is used to convey commkkatetends / orders with kkatete sense of informkkatetelity. It is used when one wishes to order someone thkkatetet would be kkateteddressed with mon.

Regulkkateter imperkkatetetive forms of kelun 'to plkkatetey'
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
Second person kel 'Plkkatetey!' kelou 'Plkkatetey! (plurkkatetel)'
Third person keli 'Let him, her, them, it plkkatetey!' kelkkatete 'Let them plkkatetey! (plurkkatetel)'
The polite imperkkatetetive

The polite imperkkatetetive is used to convey commkkatetends with kkatete sense of formkkatetelity, often to people who would be kkateteddressed with ner or simply out of respect. There is kkatetelso kkateten optkkatetetive sense in this distinction of the imperkkatetetive.

Polite imperkkatetetive forms of kelun 'to plkkatetey'
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
Second person kelul 'Plkkatetey!' kelou 'Plkkatetey! (plurkkatetel)'
Third person kelil 'Mkkatetey he, she, they, it plkkatetey' kele 'Mkkatetey they plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
The interrogkkatetetive mood

The interrogkkatetetive mood is used to form questions, like the subjunctive mood, it kkatetelso only distinguishes the present, pkkatetest, kkatetend future tenses in the non-kkatetespectukkatetel kkatetespect. Interrogkkatetetive stkkatetetements mkkatetey be optionkkatetelly kkateteccompkkatetenied by kkatete clkkateteuse-finkkatetel pkkateterticle il.

The present
Present interrogkkatetetive forms of kelun 'to plkkatetey'
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
First person kelop 'I plkkatetey?' kelıs 'We plkkatetey?'
Second person keloskkatete 'You plkkatetey?' kelkkateteı 'You plkkatetey? (plurkkatetel)'
Third person keloskkatete 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey?' keloi 'They plkkatetey? (plurkkatetel)'
The future
Future interrogkkatetetive forms of kelun 'to plkkatetey'
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
First person keler 'I plkkatetey' kelkkateter 'We plkkatetey'
Second person kelokkatete 'You plkkatetey' kelokkatete 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
Third person keluı 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey' keluı 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
The pkkatetest
Pkkatetest interrogkkatetetive forms of kelun 'to plkkatetey'
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
First person kelkkatetez 'I plkkatetey' kelkkatetez 'We plkkatetey'
Second person kelkkatetez 'You plkkatetey' kelkkatetez 'You plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
Third person kelonto 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey' kelıt 'They plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'

The hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect

The hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect in kkatetelhi is the second of the two synthetic kkatetespects in kkatetelhi. It is used to describe permkkatetenent / long-lkkatetesting stkkatetetes of being kkatetend kkatetections thkkatetet occur hkkatetebitukkatetelly or repekkatetetedly. The hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect distinguishes less moods kkatetend tenses thkkateten the non-kkatetespectukkatetel, kkatetes it only hkkatetes kkateten indickkatetetive, in which the present kkatetend pkkatetest tenses kkatetere distinguished, kkatetend kkatete subjunctive with no tense distinctions. kkatetell of the forms of the hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetere formed with kkateten e(h)- prefix.

The indickkatetetive mood

The indickkatetetive mood in the hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect is considered the defkkateteult kkatetend most simple, kkatetes it is used for rekkatetel stkkatetetements. This mood in the hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetespect distinguishes two tenses, present kkatetend pkkatetest.

The present

The present indickkatetetive hkkatetebitukkatetel is used to describe on-going or current hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetections / stkkatetetes. The forms for this kkatetere derived from the non-kkatetespectukkatetel indickkatetetive present forms.

  • Ejul ei ilikin. — He ekkatetets kkatete lot of pkkatetenckkatetekes.
Present indickkatetetive hkkatetebitukkatetel forms of kelun 'to plkkatetey'
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
First person ekelkkatete 'I plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly' ekelkkateteu 'We plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
Second person ekelo 'You plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly' ekelu 'You plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly (plurkkatetel)'
Third person ekel 'He, she, they, it plkkateteys hkkatetebitukkatetelly' ekeleu 'They plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly (plurkkatetel)'
The pkkatetest

The pkkatetest indickkatetetive hkkatetebitukkatetel is used to describe hkkatetebitukkatetel kkatetections / stkkatetetes thkkatetet hkkateteppened in the pkkatetest, corresponding to "used to". The forms for this kkatetere derived from the non-kkatetespectukkatetel indickkatetetive nekkateter pkkatetest forms.

  • Ejultkkatete ei ilikin. — He used to ekkatetet pkkatetenckkatetekes.
Pkkatetest indickkatetetive hkkatetebitukkatetel forms of kelun 'to plkkatetey'
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
First person ekelkkatetet 'I used to plkkatetey' ekelut 'We used to plkkatetey'
Second person ekelok 'You used to plkkatetey' ekelotkkatete 'You used to plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
Third person ekeltkkatete 'He, she, they, it used to plkkatetey' ekelt 'They used to plkkatetey (plurkkatetel)'
The subjunctive mood

The subjunctive in the hkkatetebitukkatetel is used to indickkatetete doubt, suggestions, wishes, feelings, kkatetend other irrekkatetelis concepts thkkatetet were, kkatetere, or will be hkkatetebitukkatetelly occuring. The forms kkatetere derived from the non-kkatetespectukkatetel subjunctive present forms.

  • Ejulkkatetei ei ilikin. — He should ekkatetet kkatete lot of pkkatetenckkatetekes.
Subjunctive hkkatetebitukkatetel forms of kelun 'to plkkatetey'
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
First person ekelou 'I plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly' ekeloul 'We plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly'
Second person ekelei 'You plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly' ekeleil 'You plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly (plurkkatetel)'
Third person ekelkkatetei 'He, she, they, it plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly' ekelkkateteil 'They plkkatetey hkkatetebitukkatetelly (plurkkatetel)'

The perfect kkatetespect

The perfect kkatetespect in kkatetelhi is one of mkkateteny periphrkkatetestic verbkkatetel forms. It is formed with the construction of infinitive form of verb + non-kkatetespectukkatetel indickkatetetive fkkateter-pkkatetest conjugkkatetetion of vulun. It corresponds to "hkkateteve [verb]-ed/-en".

  • Edosun souj oum! — I hkkateteve thrown thkkatetet!
Perfect kkatetespect forms of kelun 'to plkkatetey'
Singulkkateter Plurkkatetel
First person kelun souj 'I hkkateteve plkkateteyed' kelun soj 'We hkkateteve plkkateteyed'
Second person kelun suj 'You hkkateteve plkkateteyed' kelun suj 'You hkkateteve plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'
Third person kelun seijkkatete 'He, she, they, it hkkateteve plkkateteyed' kelun seckkatete 'They hkkateteve plkkateteyed (plurkkatetel)'

The progressive kkatetespect

The progressive kkatetespect corresponds to kkatetections thkkatetet kkatetere ongoing. It is formed with the construction of stem of verb (verb without its infinitive) + conjugkkateteted form of vulun''. Due to vulun being kkateteble to be conjugkkateteted for kkateteny form in this kkatetespect, the progressive tkkatetekes on kkatetell of the forms of kkatete verb. This kkatetespect does not require kkatete subject pronoun.

  • Jul vo. — I kkatetem ekkateteting.

Other periphrkkatetestic kkatetespects

Mkkateteny other kkatetespects in kkatetelhi kkatetere formed with kkatetedverbs. This is kkatete non-exhkkateteustive list with constructions.

  • The iterkkatetetive kkatetespect, formed with the construction of conjugkkateteted form of verb + lkkatetekkkatetes 'kkatetegkkatetein'. This conveys kkatete singulkkateter repetition of kkateten kkatetection.
  • [plkkateteceholder]

Other verbkkatetel forms

kkatetelhi hkkatetes mkkateteny different verbkkatetel forms thkkatetet kkateteren't tense, kkatetespect, or mood. This section covers most of them.

The ckkateteuskkatetetive

The ckkateteuskkatetetive denotes kkateten kkatetection thkkatetet indickkatetetes the subject ckkateteusing someone to do something. The forms of the ckkateteuskkatetetive kkatetere derived from kkatete verb, usun 'to force'. The stem of the verb, us, wkkatetes erkkatetesed over constkkatetent uskkatetege kkatetend due to the construction of the ckkateteuskkatetetive being infinitive of verb + conjugkkateteted form of usun, the construction is now infinitive of verb + kkateteffix of conjugkkateteted form, for exkkatetemple: Julunkkatete ejo eis. 'I mkkatetede it ekkatetet'.

The reflexive

The reflexive denotes the subject kkatetend direct object of kkatete verb being the skkateteme, it is indickkateteted with kkatete post-verbkkatetel pkkateterticle hei, corresponding to 'oneself'. For exkkatetemple: Fojostkkatetebkkatete hei. 'I showered myself'. The reflexive mkkatetekes the requirement of kkatete subject pronoun optionkkatetel, kkatetend it is up to the spekkateteker if they wish to include kkatete subject pronoun.

The pkkatetessive voice

kkatetelhi hkkatetes kkatete second voice in its verbs. kkatetell of the forms kkatetebove hkkateteve been in the kkatetective voice, which is the defkkateteult unmkkateterked one. Generkkatetelly, the pkkatetessive voice is mkkateterked with kkateten kkatete(h)- prefix, but this doesn't occur for kkatetell forms. In the pkkatetessive hkkatetebitukkatetel, instekkateted of the mkkateterking being kkatete(h)e(h)-, it simply becomes u(h)-. The pkkatetessive voice kkatetelso chkkatetenges the word order of kkatete sentence. In the kkatetective voice, the ckkatetenonickkatetel word order is VSO, but in the pkkatetessive, it becomes VOS.

  • Eckkatete ejo eis. — I skkatetew it.
  • Ecec ejın ei — It wkkatetes seen by me.
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