Old Anhic language: Difference between revisions

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! colspan="2" |

|}

=== Syllables ===

In Old Anhic, syllables are generally (C)V(C), but clusters of two consonants are also common. If three consonants were to cluster, an epenthetic /ɐ/ is inserted between the 2nd and 3rd consonant.

== Grammar and morphology ==

Old Anhic can be classified as a highly fusional language, as singular affixes are used to indicate multiple different features. The language does not employ many auxiliary verbs and also does not distinguish between certain aspects. For example, there is no grammatical distinction between 'I do' and 'I am doing' in Old Anhic. Many cases that were present in Proto-Mallo-Brausian have been lost and certain adpositions are used instead.

=== Nominals ===

Old Anhic has no grammatical gender, although vestiges of a gender system remain in some personal pronouns. To distinguish between male and female in certain words, an affixed form of the word ''vina'' 'woman', ''-ina'' is used. For example, ''kaqyārta'' 'student' becomes ''kaqyārtina'' 'female student'. These words with the ''-ina'' suffix decline like the word ''vina'' itself. All nouns and adjectives are declined for five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, ablative, and dative), and two numbers (singular and plural), and there are multiple different declensions.

Pronouns also decline for the same five cases, but the genitive is called the possessive. The third-person pronouns have a three-way gender distinction of masculine, feminine, and neuter. The masculine and feminine genders are generally only used for animate referents, and the neuter for inanimates.

'''Example of a noun being declined'''

{| class="wikitable"

|+''anha'' '''<nowiki/>'person''''

!Case

!Singular

!Plural

|-

!Nominative

|anha

|anhā

|-

!Accusative

|anham

|anhaz

|-

!Genitive

|anhasya

|anhām

|-

!Ablative

|anhād

| rowspan="2" |anhāva

|-

!Dative

|anhā

|}

=== Kappatic and sigmatic forms ===

A system of ''kappatic'' and ''sigmatic'' forms is commonly used with nouns and adjectives. Kappatic and sigmatic both refer to the addition of a consonant at the start of a nominal, ''k-'' and ''s-'', respectively. These forms are used as a way to indicate both spatial deixis and/or definiteness. The more common of the two is the ''kappatic''. Adjectives can also be nominalized using these forms to have the meaning of 'the [adjective] one'. They are derived from the demonstratives '''''ka''''' 'this' and '''''sa''''' 'that'.

There are some phonological conditions that must be met in order for a word to have kappatic and sigmatic forms. Some rules only apply to the kappatic, and some to the sigmatic.

<u>The rules are:</u>

* The word must not start with more than one consonant.

* The word must start with a plosive. (only applies to ''kappatic'')

* The word must start with /s/ or /z/. (only applies to ''sigmatic)''

Another rule is that if a word starts with ''h-'' or ''ħ-'', then they will be deleted and the ''k-'' or ''s-'' will replace them. For example, the word ''hirta'' 'way', has kappatic and sigmatic forms ''kirta'' 'this, the way' and ''sirta'' 'that, the way'. But the word ''varman'' 'ash' has the forms ''gvarman'' and ''zvarman''. Note that if a word begins in a voiced consonant, the ''k-'' and ''s-'' are voiced to ''g-'' and ''z-''. Due to the rules, some words may only have one special form. Like ''gāza'' 'hand', which only has a valid sigmatic form ''zgāza.''

@@ Line 141: / Line 141: @@
 ! colspan="2" |
 |}
+=== Syllables ===
+In Old Anhic, syllables are generally (C)V(C), but clusters of two consonants are also common. If three consonants were to cluster, an epenthetic /ɐ/ is inserted between the 2nd and 3rd consonant.
+== Grammar and morphology ==
+Old Anhic can be classified as a highly fusional language, as singular affixes are used to indicate multiple different features. The language does not employ many auxiliary verbs and also does not distinguish between certain aspects. For example, there is no grammatical distinction between 'I do' and 'I am doing' in Old Anhic. Many cases that were present in Proto-Mallo-Brausian have been lost and certain adpositions are used instead.
+=== Nominals ===
+Old Anhic has no grammatical gender, although vestiges of a gender system remain in some personal pronouns. To distinguish between male and female in certain words, an affixed form of the word ''vina'' 'woman', ''-ina'' is used. For example, ''kaqyārta'' 'student' becomes ''kaqyārtina'' 'female student'. These words with the ''-ina'' suffix decline like the word ''vina'' itself. All nouns and adjectives are declined for five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, ablative, and dative), and two numbers (singular and plural), and there are multiple different declensions.
+Pronouns also decline for the same five cases, but the genitive is called the possessive. The third-person pronouns have a three-way gender distinction of masculine, feminine, and neuter. The masculine and feminine genders are generally only used for animate referents, and the neuter for inanimates.
+'''Example of a noun being declined'''
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+''anha'' '''<nowiki/>'person''''
+!Case
+!Singular
+!Plural
+|-
+!Nominative
+|anha
+|anhā
+|-
+!Accusative
+|anham
+|anhaz
+|-
+!Genitive
+|anhasya
+|anhām
+|-
+!Ablative
+|anhād
+| rowspan="2" |anhāva
+|-
+!Dative
+|anhā
+|}
+=== Kappatic and sigmatic forms ===
+A system of ''kappatic'' and ''sigmatic'' forms is commonly used with nouns and adjectives. Kappatic and sigmatic both refer to the addition of a consonant at the start of a nominal, ''k-'' and ''s-'', respectively. These forms are used as a way to indicate both spatial deixis and/or definiteness. The more common of the two is the ''kappatic''. Adjectives can also be nominalized using these forms to have the meaning of 'the [adjective] one'. They are derived from the demonstratives '''''ka''''' 'this' and '''''sa''''' 'that'.
+There are some phonological conditions that must be met in order for a word to have kappatic and sigmatic forms. Some rules only apply to the kappatic, and some to the sigmatic.
+<u>The rules are:</u>
+* The word must not start with more than one consonant.
+* The word must start with a plosive. (only applies to ''kappatic'')
+* The word must start with /s/ or /z/. (only applies to ''sigmatic)''
+Another rule is that if a word starts with ''h-'' or ''ħ-'', then they will be deleted and the ''k-'' or ''s-'' will replace them. For example, the word ''hirta'' 'way', has kappatic and sigmatic forms ''kirta'' 'this, the way' and ''sirta'' 'that, the way'. But the word ''varman'' 'ash' has the forms ''gvarman'' and ''zvarman''. Note that if a word begins in a voiced consonant, the ''k-'' and ''s-'' are voiced to ''g-'' and ''z-''. Due to the rules, some words may only have one special form. Like ''gāza'' 'hand', which only has a valid sigmatic form ''zgāza.''