Pataxea: Difference between revisions

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Photosynthesis bisectors (talk | contribs)
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VisualWikitext
Line 282: Line 282:
|*ke
|*ke
|
|
|go
|
|-
|-
|2
|2
Line 288: Line 288:
|*te
|*te
|
|
|te
|
|-
|-
|3
|3
Line 294: Line 294:
|*bai
|*bai
|
|
|mei
|
|-
|-
|4
|4
Line 300: Line 300:
|*es
|*es
|
|
|ko
|
|-
|-
|5
|5
Line 306: Line 306:
|*ean
|*ean
|
|
|ku
|
|-
|-
|6
|6
Line 312: Line 312:
|*en
|*en
|
|
|kei
|
|-
|-
|7
|7
Line 318: Line 318:
|*anasgeri
|*anasgeri
|
|
|nazkuriz
|
|-
|-
|8
|8
Line 324: Line 324:
|*keri
|*keri
|
|
|kauli
|
|-
|-
|9
|9
|here
|here
|*on
|*an
|
|
|
|hon
|-
|-
|10
|10
|there
|there
|*en
|
|
|
|
|heri
|-
|-
|11
|11
Line 342: Line 342:
|*gamea
|*gamea
|
|
|amori (interrogative)
|
|-
|-
|12
|12
Line 348: Line 348:
|*gamera
|*gamera
|
|
|amozeri (interrogative)
|
|-
|-
|13
|13
Line 354: Line 354:
|*gachera
|*gachera
|
|
|amicheri (interrogative)
|
|-
|-
|14
|14
Line 360: Line 360:
|*gesera
|*gesera
|
|
|isari (interrogative)
|
|-
|-
|15
|15
Line 366: Line 366:
|*kea
|*kea
|
|
|amera (interrogative)
|
|-
|-
|16
|16
Line 372: Line 372:
|*ga(n)-
|*ga(n)-
|
|
|hu-
|
|-
|-
|17
|17
Line 378: Line 378:
|*ke(n)-
|*ke(n)-
|
|
|gen-
|
|-
|-
|18
|18
Line 384: Line 384:
|*gazg(i)-
|*gazg(i)-
|
|
|asti-
|
|-
|-
|19
|19
Line 390: Line 390:
|*eze(n)-
|*eze(n)-
|
|
|sen-
|
|-
|-
|20
|20
Line 396: Line 396:
|*-(n)an
|*-(n)an
|
|
|irria-
|
|-
|-
|21
|21
|other
|other
|*-(sw)en
|
|
|
|
|gou-
|-
|-
|22
|22
Line 408: Line 408:
|*chat
|*chat
|
|
|at
|
|-
|-
|23
|23
Line 414: Line 414:
|*chatei
|*chatei
|
|
|aitei
|
|-
|-
|24
|24
Line 420: Line 420:
|*charei
|*charei
|
|
|iriu
|
|-
|-
|25
|25
Line 426: Line 426:
|*chamadei
|*chamadei
|
|
|madhet
|
|-
|-
|26
|26
Line 432: Line 432:
|*chakei
|*chakei
|
|
|kaizo
|
|-
|-
|27
|27
|big
|big
|*chi
|
|
|
|
|motzi
|-
|-
|28
|28
|long
|long
|*nachi
|
|
|
|
|zogi
|-
|-
|29
|29
|wide
|wide
|*nazki
|
|
|
|
|sogi
|-
|-
|30
|30
|thick
|thick
|*gizki
|
|
|
|
|astsathi
|-
|-
|31
|31
Line 462: Line 462:
|*debi
|*debi
|
|
|dheri
|
|-
|-
|32
|32
Line 468: Line 468:
|*mei
|*mei
|
|
|mei
|
|-
|-
|33
|33
|short
|short
|
|*kagi
|
|
|
|
Line 478: Line 478:
|34
|34
|narrow
|narrow
|
|*kagea
|
|
|
|
Line 484: Line 484:
|35
|35
|thin
|thin
|
|*gikwesan
|
|
|
|
Line 492: Line 492:
|*chemega
|*chemega
|
|
|kuiga
|
|-
|-
|37
|37
Line 498: Line 498:
|*chamiga
|*chamiga
|
|
|maiga
|
|-
|-
|38
|38
|man (kali being)
|man (kali being)
|*echalia
|*echalia
|(either *echalia or
|
<nowiki>*</nowiki>egalia were likely used)
|
|kali
|-
|-
|39
|39
Line 511: Line 510:
|*esachigi
|*esachigi
|
|
|atsini
|
|-
|-
|40
|40
|wife
|wife
| rowspan="2" |*chetaz
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |*chetaz
| rowspan="2" |translatable as
''partner''
|
|
|eitoiz
|-
|-
|41
|41
|husband
|husband
|
|
|paotoiz
|-
|-
|42
|42
Line 528: Line 527:
|*mama
|*mama
|
|
|mama
|
|-
|-
|43
|43
Line 534: Line 533:
|*papa
|*papa
|
|
|papa
|
|-
|-
|44
|44
Line 540: Line 539:
|*chitzaga
|*chitzaga
|
|
|isana
|
|-
|-
|45
|45
|fish
|fish
|
|*bazga
|
|
|
|
Line 550: Line 549:
|46
|46
|bird
|bird
|
|*tagisi
|
|
|
|
Line 556: Line 555:
|47
|47
|dog
|dog
|
|*rwaztagi
|
|
|
|
Line 562: Line 561:
|48
|48
|louse
|louse
|
|*hiyerwa
|
|
|
|
Line 569: Line 568:
|snake
|snake
|*ezaze
|*ezaze
|(possibly onomatopoeic)
|
|tzatzu
|
|-
|-
|50
|50
Line 576: Line 575:
|*azardaxe
|*azardaxe
|
|
|tzoradhei
|
|-
|-
|51
|51
|tree
|tree
|*gwaeti
| rowspan="2" |
|
|
| rowspan="2" |
|zamait
|-
|-
|52
|52
|forest
|forest
|*gwar
|
|
|zamaikon
|-
|-
|53
|53
Line 593: Line 592:
|*dera
|*dera
|
|
|dhoru
|
|-
|-
|54
|54
Line 599: Line 598:
|*ralisa
|*ralisa
|
|
|*ralitsa
|
|-
|-
|55
|55
Line 605: Line 604:
|*cai
|*cai
|
|
|chai
|
|-
|-
|56
|56
|leaf
|leaf
|
|*gwayti
|
|
|
|
Line 615: Line 614:
|57
|57
|root
|root
|
|*gwalwiek
|
|
|
|
Line 621: Line 620:
|58
|58
|bark (of a tree)
|bark (of a tree)
|
|*gwazit
|
|
|
|
Line 627: Line 626:
|59
|59
|flower
|flower
|
|*agianate
|
|
|
|
Line 633: Line 632:
|60
|60
|grass
|grass
|
|*dwaxa
|
|
|
|
Line 639: Line 638:
|61
|61
|rope
|rope
|
|*exa
|
|
|
|
Line 645: Line 644:
|62
|62
|skin
|skin
|
|*igweywa
|
|
|
|
Line 651: Line 650:
|63
|63
|meat
|meat
|
|*iadatzgi
|
|
|
|
Line 657: Line 656:
|64
|64
|blood
|blood
|
|*rweadi
|
|
|
|
Line 663: Line 662:
|65
|65
|bone
|bone
|
|*inagi
|
|
|
|
Line 669: Line 668:
|66
|66
|fat (noun)
|fat (noun)
|
|*iswagaz
|
|
|
|
Line 675: Line 674:
|67
|67
|egg
|egg
|
|*rwida
|
|
|
|
Line 683: Line 682:
|*echoirwa
|*echoirwa
|
|
|koiha
|
|-
|-
|69
|69
Line 689: Line 688:
|*twacha
|*twacha
|
|
|taka
|
|-
|-
|
|
|feather
|feather
|
|*azwegai
|
|
|
|
Line 699: Line 698:
|
|
|hair
|hair
|*ehwel
|*ewel
|
|
|
|terel
|-
|-
|
|
|head
|head
|
|*ayizga
|
|
|
|
Line 711: Line 710:
|
|
|ear
|ear
|
|*igwazdi
|
|
|
|
Line 717: Line 716:
|
|
|eye
|eye
|
|*gwiz
|
|
|
|
Line 723: Line 722:
|
|
|nose
|nose
|
|*aHas
|
|
|
|
Line 729: Line 728:
|
|
|mouth
|mouth
|
|*izagwar
|
|
|
|
Line 735: Line 734:
|
|
|tooth
|tooth
|
|*ichiha
|
|
|
|
Line 741: Line 740:
|
|
|tongue (organ)
|tongue (organ)
|
|*iHa
|
|
|
|
Line 747: Line 746:
|
|
|fingernail
|fingernail
|
|*eigwant
|
|
|
|
Line 753: Line 752:
|
|
|foot
|foot
|
|*igichi
|
|
|
|
Line 759: Line 758:
|
|
|leg
|leg
|
|*igiHa
|
|
|
|
Line 765: Line 764:
|
|
|knee
|knee
|
|*niHea
|
|
|
|
Line 771: Line 770:
|
|
|hand
|hand
|
|*izweagi
|
|
|
|
Line 777: Line 776:
|
|
|wing
|wing
|
|*gweiget
|
|
|
|
Line 783: Line 782:
|
|
|belly
|belly
|
|*igwadsi
|
|
|
|
Line 789: Line 788:
|
|
|guts
|guts
|
|*iadatzgi
|
|
|
|
Line 795: Line 794:
|
|
|neck
|neck
|
|*tadsga
|
|
|
|
Line 801: Line 800:
|
|
|back
|back
|
|*riHi
|
|
|
|
Line 807: Line 806:
|
|
|breast
|breast
|peke
|*peke
|
|
|
|heizke
|-
|-
|
|
|heart
|heart
|
|*iwaxe
|
|
|
|
Line 819: Line 818:
|
|
|liver
|liver
|
|*Hagziel
|
|
|
|
Line 825: Line 824:
|
|
|to drink
|to drink
|
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |*ibwaHi
|
| rowspan="2" |translatable as
''to consume''
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|to eat
|to eat
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|to bite
|to bite
|
|*girwe
|
|
|
|
Line 843: Line 841:
|
|
|to suck
|to suck
|
|*karwan
|
|
|
|
Line 849: Line 847:
|
|
|to spit
|to spit
|
|*Him
|
|
|
|
Line 855: Line 853:
|
|
|to vomit
|to vomit
|
|*bregwi
|
|
|
|
Line 861: Line 859:
|
|
|to blow
|to blow
|
|*brizgi
|
|
|
|
Line 867: Line 865:
|
|
|to breathe
|to breathe
|
|*igi
|
|
|
|
Line 873: Line 871:
|
|
|to laugh
|to laugh
|
|*aegiwa
|
|
|
|
Line 881: Line 879:
|*hizwi
|*hizwi
|
|
|etzere
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 887: Line 885:
|*twa
|*twa
|
|
|haitz
|
|-
|-
|
|
|to know
|to know
|*isan
|
|
|
|
|usan
|-
|-
|
|
|to think
|to think
|
|*ikwin
|
|
|
|
Line 903: Line 901:
|
|
|to smell
|to smell
|
|*gekwas
|
|
|
|
Line 909: Line 907:
|
|
|to fear
|to fear
|
|*ige
|
|
|
|
Line 915: Line 913:
|
|
|to sleep
|to sleep
|
|*erwiHieg
|
|
|
|
Line 923: Line 921:
|*arise
|*arise
|
|
|areisu
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 929: Line 927:
|*erwi
|*erwi
|
|
|ri
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 935: Line 933:
|*erwikan
|*erwikan
|
|
|reilon
|
|-
|-
|
|
|to fight
|to fight
|
|*iagazawe
|
|
|
|
Line 945: Line 943:
|
|
|to hunt
|to hunt
|
|*heka
|
|
|
|
Line 951: Line 949:
|
|
|to hit
|to hit
|
|*ka
|
|
|
|
Line 957: Line 955:
|
|
|to cut
|to cut
|
|*gwein
|
|
|
|
Line 963: Line 961:
|
|
|to split
|to split
|
|*gizwina
|
|
|
|
Line 969: Line 967:
|
|
|to stab
|to stab
|
|*exagwa
|
|
|
|
Line 975: Line 973:
|
|
|to scratch
|to scratch
|
|*xaxexi
|
|
|
|
Line 981: Line 979:
|
|
|to dig
|to dig
|
|*HaeHizi
|
|
|
|
Line 987: Line 985:
|
|
|to swim
|to swim
|hizwi
|*hizwi
|
|
|
|
Line 993: Line 991:
|
|
|to fly
|to fly
|
|*azkaget
|
|
|
|
Line 999: Line 997:
|
|
|to walk
|to walk
|
|*hikaget
|
|
|
|
Line 1,005: Line 1,003:
|
|
|to come
|to come
|
|*kin
|
|
|
|
Line 1,011: Line 1,009:
|
|
|to lie (as in a bed)
|to lie (as in a bed)
|
|*agni
|
|
|
|
Line 1,019: Line 1,017:
|*akwe
|*akwe
|
|
|erakei
|
|-
|-
|
|
|to stand
|to stand
|
|*ewke
|
|
|
|
Line 1,029: Line 1,027:
|
|
|to turn (intransitive)
|to turn (intransitive)
|
|*git
|
|
|
|
Line 1,035: Line 1,033:
|
|
|to fall
|to fall
|
|*rwiseaz
|
|
|
|
Line 1,041: Line 1,039:
|
|
|to give
|to give
|
|*azgandi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,047: Line 1,045:
|
|
|to hold
|to hold
|
|*ixedzi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,053: Line 1,051:
|
|
|to squeeze
|to squeeze
|
|*itwega
|
|
|
|
Line 1,059: Line 1,057:
|
|
|to rub
|to rub
|
|*icexa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,065: Line 1,063:
|
|
|to wash
|to wash
|
|*xeHan
|
|
|
|
Line 1,071: Line 1,069:
|
|
|to wipe
|to wipe
|
|*kiHazgam
|
|
|
|
Line 1,077: Line 1,075:
|
|
|to pull
|to pull
|
|*rwisega
|
|
|
|
Line 1,083: Line 1,081:
|
|
|to push
|to push
|
|*sa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,089: Line 1,087:
|
|
|to throw
|to throw
|
|*sixaga
|
|
|
|
Line 1,095: Line 1,093:
|
|
|to tie
|to tie
|
|*nagwiza
|
|
|
|
Line 1,101: Line 1,099:
|
|
|to sew
|to sew
|
|*ixegida
|
|
|
|
Line 1,107: Line 1,105:
|
|
|to count
|to count
|
|*aegizki
|
|
|
|
Line 1,113: Line 1,111:
|
|
|to say
|to say
|
|*a
|
|
|
|
Line 1,119: Line 1,117:
|
|
|to sing
|to sing
|
|*anichaxirwa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,125: Line 1,123:
|
|
|to play
|to play
|
|*kagwane
|
|
|
|
Line 1,131: Line 1,129:
|
|
|to float
|to float
|
|*chizad
|
|
|
|
Line 1,137: Line 1,135:
|
|
|to flow
|to flow
|
|*xaecha
|
|
|
|
Line 1,143: Line 1,141:
|
|
|to freeze
|to freeze
|
|*chi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,149: Line 1,147:
|
|
|to swell
|to swell
|
|*gwaHaHagi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,155: Line 1,153:
|
|
|sun
|sun
|
|*sawal
|
|
|
|
Line 1,161: Line 1,159:
|
|
|moon
|moon
|
|*rwexurgzi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,167: Line 1,165:
|
|
|star
|star
|
|*sawgi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,173: Line 1,171:
|
|
|water
|water
|
|*iadatzgi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,179: Line 1,177:
|
|
|rain
|rain
|
|*Himazgi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,185: Line 1,183:
|
|
|river
|river
|
|*Himahi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,191: Line 1,189:
|
|
|lake
|lake
|
|*iHiragwi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,197: Line 1,195:
|
|
|sea
|sea
|
|*tarwa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,203: Line 1,201:
|
|
|salt
|salt
|
|*tarwazgi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,209: Line 1,207:
|
|
|stone
|stone
|
|*tarwatzi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,215: Line 1,213:
|
|
|sand
|sand
|
|*arwigixi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,221: Line 1,219:
|
|
|dust
|dust
|
|*ie
|
|
|
|
Line 1,227: Line 1,225:
|
|
|earth
|earth
|
|*tarwazgi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,233: Line 1,231:
|
|
|cloud
|cloud
|
|*Hain
|
|
|
|
Line 1,239: Line 1,237:
|
|
|fog
|fog
|
|*maizedi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,245: Line 1,243:
|
|
|sky
|sky
|
|*sawgicheza
|
|
|
|
Line 1,251: Line 1,249:
|
|
|wind
|wind
|
|*Hi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,257: Line 1,255:
|
|
|snow
|snow
|
|*xaHil
|
|
|
|
Line 1,263: Line 1,261:
|
|
|ice
|ice
|
|*xeagwi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,269: Line 1,267:
|
|
|smoke
|smoke
|
|*iegwil
|
|
|
|
Line 1,275: Line 1,273:
|
|
|fire
|fire
|
|*xigwan
|
|
|
|
Line 1,281: Line 1,279:
|
|
|ash
|ash
|
|*kanye
|
|
|
|
Line 1,287: Line 1,285:
|
|
|to burn
|to burn
|
|*skwal
|
|
|
|
Line 1,293: Line 1,291:
|
|
|road
|road
|
|*ba
|
|
|
|
Line 1,299: Line 1,297:
|
|
|mountain
|mountain
|
|*azwegwi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,305: Line 1,303:
|
|
|red
|red
|
|*karwa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,311: Line 1,309:
|
|
|green
|green
|
|*gwaezgi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,317: Line 1,315:
|
|
|yellow
|yellow
|
|*sawlagari
|
|
|
|
Line 1,323: Line 1,321:
|
|
|white
|white
|
|*e
|
|
|
|
Line 1,329: Line 1,327:
|
|
|black
|black
|
|*nagan
|
|
|
|
Line 1,335: Line 1,333:
|
|
|night
|night
|
|*epwegi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,341: Line 1,339:
|
|
|day
|day
|
|*tarwizgari
|
|
|
|
Line 1,347: Line 1,345:
|
|
|year
|year
|
|*yerwa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,353: Line 1,351:
|
|
|warm
|warm
|
|*ietarwa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,359: Line 1,357:
|
|
|cold
|cold
|
|*narwal
|
|
|
|
Line 1,365: Line 1,363:
|
|
|full
|full
|
|*xachaHin
|
|
|
|
Line 1,371: Line 1,369:
|
|
|new
|new
|
|*maHizdi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,377: Line 1,375:
|
|
|old
|old
|
|*gezgin
|
|
|
|
Line 1,383: Line 1,381:
|
|
|good
|good
|
|*anarwaizgi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,389: Line 1,387:
|
|
|bad
|bad
|
|*ingagwa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,395: Line 1,393:
|
|
|rotten
|rotten
|
|*iagangi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,401: Line 1,399:
|
|
|dirty
|dirty
|
|*gwai
|
|
|
|
Line 1,407: Line 1,405:
|
|
|straight
|straight
|
|*igaderwa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,413: Line 1,411:
|
|
|round
|round
|
|*swe
|
|
|
|
Line 1,419: Line 1,417:
|
|
|sharp (as a knife)
|sharp (as a knife)
|
|*xei
|
|
|
|
Line 1,425: Line 1,423:
|
|
|dull (as a knife)
|dull (as a knife)
|
|*dan
|
|
|
|
Line 1,431: Line 1,429:
|
|
|smooth
|smooth
|
|*swearwi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,437: Line 1,435:
|
|
|wet
|wet
|
|*gwan
|
|
|
|
Line 1,443: Line 1,441:
|
|
|dry
|dry
|
|*swag
|
|
|
|
Line 1,449: Line 1,447:
|
|
|correct
|correct
|
|*nirwadi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,455: Line 1,453:
|
|
|near
|near
|
|*kaiHa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,461: Line 1,459:
|
|
|far
|far
|
|*na
|
|
|
|
Line 1,467: Line 1,465:
|
|
|right
|right
|
|*gin
|
|
|
|
Line 1,473: Line 1,471:
|
|
|left
|left
|
|*west
|
|
|
|
Line 1,479: Line 1,477:
|
|
|at
|at
|
|*ega
|
|
|
|
Line 1,485: Line 1,483:
|
|
|in
|in
|
|*irwen
|
|
|
|
Line 1,491: Line 1,489:
|
|
|with
|with
|
|*agze
|
|
|
|
Line 1,497: Line 1,495:
|
|
|and
|and
|
|*eta
|
|
|
|
Line 1,503: Line 1,501:
|
|
|if
|if
|
|*aneiz
|
|
|
|
Line 1,509: Line 1,507:
|
|
|because
|because
|
|*echan
|
|
|
|
Line 1,515: Line 1,513:
|
|
|name
|name
|
|*nan
|
|
|
|

Revision as of 05:00, 30 December 2024

Proto-Azkali is the reconstructed ancestor of the modern Azkali language. Along with Proto-Ukilen, the reconstruction on Proto-Azkali is one of the most extensive compared to other languages. The first conventional of Proto-Azkali started in 1500 AD, leading to the establishment of many modern linguistic reconstruction techniques that have been used for reconstructions of other languages.

History

Throughout early Azkali history, there have been countless records that corroborate the existence of Proto-Azkali as a language. The oldest grammar book in the world, the Azalyi Gazi Chixgartai Ka, describes Proto-Azkali's grammar and phonology as it was in approximately 6000 BCE, and the book itself dates to atleast 900 BCE, or as late as 1100 BCE.

Urhemiat

The homeland of Proto-Azkali speakers has been debated for centuries. There are two leading theories, the Northern Ukilen hypothesis and the Southwest Zuvia hypothesis, also rather infamously known as the Zuvia conondrum.

Northern Ukilen hypothesis

The Northern Ukilen hypothesis, first proposed in 1601 by Oikan polymath [insert name here], posits the homeland of Proto Azkali speakers in Northeast Ukilen continent, centered around Bongsibon. The Northern Ukilen hypothesis was the first theory for the homeland of Azkali ever proposed, and directly caused increased awareness of reconstruction of Proto-Azkali.

The Zuvia Conondrum

Pre-East-Brausian substrate hypothesis

Phonology

Consonants

The consonants of Proto-Azkali are, in standard notation:

Consonants Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal
Alveolar Palatal
Plain Labialized Plain Labialized
Nasals *m

/m/

*n

/n/

*nw

/nʷ/

ny

/ɲ/

*ng

/ŋ/

Plosives voiceless *p

/p/

*t

/t/

*tw

/tʷ/

*c

/c/

*k

/k/

*kw

/kʷ/

voiced *b

/p'~b/

*d

/t'~d/

*dw

/tʷ'~dʷ/

*g

/k'~g/

*gw

/kʷ'~gʷ/

Fricatives voiceless *s

/s/

*sw

/sʷ/

*ch

/ç/

*x

/x~χ/

*xw

/xʷ~χʷ/

*h

/h/

voiced *z

/s'~z/

*zw

/sʷ'-zʷ/

Semivowels *l

/l/

*y

/j/

Rhotic *r

/ɹ/

*rw

/ɹʷ/

Nasal sounds could not appear word initially, nor it appears could *s or *z. The rhotic *r /ɹ/ possibly could have been a trill /r/ word initially.

Vowels

The vowel system of Proto-Azkali was a vertical vowel system, containing the three vowels /i/, /e/, and /a/, shown below;

Front
Close *i

/i~ɪ/

Mid *e

/e~ɛ/

Open *a

/a/

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns in Proto-Azkali declined for 6 cases: the Nominative, marking the object of a transitive or intransitive verb, the Ergative, marking the subject of a transitive verb, the Accusative marking the direct object of a transitive verb and in past clauses, the subject of intransitive verbs and the direct objects of transitive verbs, the Genitive, marking a relationship between two nouns, the Privative, marking the lack of ownership specifically on a marked noun, and the Instrumental, marking the noun as being the instrument by which the verb was accomplished (this can be a physical object or a concept). Neither Proto-Azkali verbs nor nouns nor adjectives were inflected, with all inflection being conveyed via particles.

Proto-Azkali had a split-ergative morphological alignment. In the future and present tenses, the nominative and accusative cases were used; in past tenses, the ergative case was used, and the accusative case acted as the absolutive case. Case marking appeared to have been conveyed via particles, shown below:

Proto-Azkali case
Nominative Ø
Ergative *ne
Accusative *ka
Genitive *kaca
Privative *za
Instrumental *gazi

Verbs

Verbs in Proto-Azkali were not conjugated. Instead, all relevant information were signified, like nouns, with particles. These particles changed for person, tense, aspect, and mood. Proto-Azkali verbal particles could conjugate for two tenses (past and non past), aspect (imperfective, perfective), and mood (indicative, subjunctive, positive imperative, and negative imperative), in addition to the subject, direct object, and indirect object of a phrase when applicable.

Verbs in Proto-Azkali were exceedingly regular, even more so than modern forms of the Azkali language. There were no irregular verbs in the language at all. Contrastingly, verbal particles were by far the most complex parts of Proto-Azkali grammar. This is the template for a verbal particle in Proto-Azkali:

Person Tense

Aspect

Mood Person

Person indices

Person marking in verbal particles were indicated by prefixes and suffixes. We will first cover the prefixes, which marked the subject of intransitive verbs and the direct objects of transitive ones.

Nominative subject/direct object marking (with examples)
Pronoun Suffix Verb examples

(Present tense,

perfective aspect,

indicative mood)

etwai (to hear) akwe (to sit) hizwi (to see)
1 singular ke ke- keran etwai

(I hear)

keran akwe

(I sit)

keranik hizwi

(I saw myself)

1 plural es e- eran etwai

(We hear)

eran akwe

(We sit)

eranik hizwi

(We saw ourselves)

2 singular te te- teran etwai

(You hear)

teran akwe

(You sit)

teranik hizwi

(You saw yourself)

2 plural ean ea- earan etwai

(You all hear)

earan akwe

(You all sit)

earanek hizwi

(You all saw yourselves)

3 singular bai b- baran etwai

(He/she/it hears)

baran akwe

(He/she/it sits)

baranak hizwi

(He/she/it saw themselves)

3 plural en n- neran etwai

(They hear)

neran akwe

(They sit)

neranek hizwi

(They saw themself)

Lexicon

No. Gloss Proto-Azkali

(Nora 1960)

Notes Modern Azkali
1 I *ke
2 you (singular) *te
3 he, she, it *bai
4 we *es
5 you (plural) *ean
6 they *en
7 this *anasgeri
8 that *keri
9 here *an
10 there *en
11 who *gamea
12 what *gamera
13 where *gachera
14 when *gesera
15 how *kea
16 not *ga(n)-
17 all *ke(n)-
18 many *gazg(i)-
19 some *eze(n)-
20 few *-(n)an
21 other *-(sw)en
22 one *chat
23 two *chatei
24 three *charei
25 four *chamadei
26 five *chakei
27 big *chi
28 long *nachi
29 wide *nazki
30 thick *gizki
31 heavy *debi
32 small *mei
33 short *kagi
34 narrow *kagea
35 thin *gikwesan
36 woman *chemega
37 man (adult male) *chamiga
38 man (kali being) *echalia
39 child *esachigi
40 wife *chetaz translatable as

partner

41 husband
42 mother *mama
43 father *papa
44 animal *chitzaga
45 fish *bazga
46 bird *tagisi
47 dog *rwaztagi
48 louse *hiyerwa
49 snake *ezaze
50 worm *azardaxe
51 tree *gwaeti
52 forest *gwar
53 stick *dera
54 fruit *ralisa
55 seed *cai
56 leaf *gwayti
57 root *gwalwiek
58 bark (of a tree) *gwazit
59 flower *agianate
60 grass *dwaxa
61 rope *exa
62 skin *igweywa
63 meat *iadatzgi
64 blood *rweadi
65 bone *inagi
66 fat (noun) *iswagaz
67 egg *rwida
68 horn *echoirwa
69 tail *twacha
feather *azwegai
hair *ewel
head *ayizga
ear *igwazdi
eye *gwiz
nose *aHas
mouth *izagwar
tooth *ichiha
tongue (organ) *iHa
fingernail *eigwant
foot *igichi
leg *igiHa
knee *niHea
hand *izweagi
wing *gweiget
belly *igwadsi
guts *iadatzgi
neck *tadsga
back *riHi
breast *peke
heart *iwaxe
liver *Hagziel
to drink *ibwaHi translatable as

to consume

to eat
to bite *girwe
to suck *karwan
to spit *Him
to vomit *bregwi
to blow *brizgi
to breathe *igi
to laugh *aegiwa
to see *hizwi
to hear *twa
to know *isan
to think *ikwin
to smell *gekwas
to fear *ige
to sleep *erwiHieg
to live *arise
to die *erwi
to kill *erwikan
to fight *iagazawe
to hunt *heka
to hit *ka
to cut *gwein
to split *gizwina
to stab *exagwa
to scratch *xaxexi
to dig *HaeHizi
to swim *hizwi
to fly *azkaget
to walk *hikaget
to come *kin
to lie (as in a bed) *agni
to sit *akwe
to stand *ewke
to turn (intransitive) *git
to fall *rwiseaz
to give *azgandi
to hold *ixedzi
to squeeze *itwega
to rub *icexa
to wash *xeHan
to wipe *kiHazgam
to pull *rwisega
to push *sa
to throw *sixaga
to tie *nagwiza
to sew *ixegida
to count *aegizki
to say *a
to sing *anichaxirwa
to play *kagwane
to float *chizad
to flow *xaecha
to freeze *chi
to swell *gwaHaHagi
sun *sawal
moon *rwexurgzi
star *sawgi
water *iadatzgi
rain *Himazgi
river *Himahi
lake *iHiragwi
sea *tarwa
salt *tarwazgi
stone *tarwatzi
sand *arwigixi
dust *ie
earth *tarwazgi
cloud *Hain
fog *maizedi
sky *sawgicheza
wind *Hi
snow *xaHil
ice *xeagwi
smoke *iegwil
fire *xigwan
ash *kanye
to burn *skwal
road *ba
mountain *azwegwi
red *karwa
green *gwaezgi
yellow *sawlagari
white *e
black *nagan
night *epwegi
day *tarwizgari
year *yerwa
warm *ietarwa
cold *narwal
full *xachaHin
new *maHizdi
old *gezgin
good *anarwaizgi
bad *ingagwa
rotten *iagangi
dirty *gwai
straight *igaderwa
round *swe
sharp (as a knife) *xei
dull (as a knife) *dan
smooth *swearwi
wet *gwan
dry *swag
correct *nirwadi
near *kaiHa
far *na
right *gin
left *west
at *ega
in *irwen
with *agze
and *eta
if *aneiz
because *echan
name *nan

Contact with Proto-Ukilen

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