Azkali grammar: Difference between revisions
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==== ''Itu'' ==== | ==== ''Itu'' ==== | ||
''Itu'', as stated previously, is an auxiliary verb that conveys a future tense. Itu, unlike any other regular verb, conjugates for the full range of persons (i.e the first, second, and third person, plus singular, paucal, and plural grammatical numbers). It is also used in the conjugation of periphrastic, and especially compound tenses. | ''Itu'', as stated previously, is an auxiliary verb that conveys a future tense. Itu, unlike any other regular verb, conjugates for the full range of persons (i.e the first, second, and third person, plus singular, paucal, and plural grammatical numbers). It is also used in the conjugation of periphrastic, and especially compound tenses. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Forms of ''itu'' | |||
! colspan="3" |Singular | |||
! colspan="3" |Dual | |||
! colspan="3" |Plural | |||
|- | |||
!1p | |||
!2p | |||
!3p | |||
!1p | |||
!2p | |||
!3p | |||
!1p | |||
!2p | |||
!3p | |||
|- | |||
|itu | |||
|iru | |||
|izku | |||
|igo | |||
|iko | |||
|iro | |||
|riga | |||
|ritu | |||
|rizku | |||
|} | |||
==== ''Isan'' ==== | ==== ''Isan'' ==== | ||
''Isan'' is the Azkali verb meaning to be. It is the most commonly used verb in the language. Along with ''huka'', to do, it is one of the only verbs that conjugate in regards to person. In addition, isan can also be used in the form of an auxiliary verb in the context of periphrastic conjugation, and particularly with compound tenses. Isan is one of the four or five irregular verbs in Azkali that are in use in most dialects. | ''Isan'' is the Azkali verb meaning to be. It is the most commonly used verb in the language. Along with ''huka'', to do, it is one of the only verbs that conjugate in regards to person. In addition, isan can also be used in the form of an auxiliary verb in the context of periphrastic conjugation, and particularly with compound tenses. Isan is one of the four or five irregular verbs in Azkali that are in use in most dialects. | ||
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!Form | !Form | ||
!Examples | !Examples | ||
!Observations | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Present perfect | !Present perfect | ||
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* ''hataiz huka (have lost)'' | * ''hataiz huka (have lost)'' | ||
* ''patzegi huka (have worked)'' | * ''patzegi huka (have worked)'' | ||
|Particularly in Southern Azkali dialects, this form has been reanalyzed as a sort of near past | |||
tense. Consequently, The already existing near past form is used as a general past tense | |||
alongside the already conjugated past tense. | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Present habitual | !Present habitual | ||
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* ''nakuz hunakoiz (usually see)'' | * ''nakuz hunakoiz (usually see)'' | ||
* ''nakusa hunakoiz (usually think)'' | * ''nakusa hunakoiz (usually think)'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Past habitual | !Past habitual | ||
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* ''nakuzu hunakoiz (usually saw)'' | * ''nakuzu hunakoiz (usually saw)'' | ||
* ''nakusau hunakoiz (usually thought)'' | * ''nakusau hunakoiz (usually thought)'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Future | !Future | ||
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* ''nakuz itu (will see)'' | * ''nakuz itu (will see)'' | ||
* ''nakusa itu (will think)'' | * ''nakusa itu (will think)'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Near past | !Near past | ||
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* ''nakuzu rotz (just saw)'' | * ''nakuzu rotz (just saw)'' | ||
* ''nakusau rotz (just thought)'' | * ''nakusau rotz (just thought)'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Future in the past | !Future in the past | ||
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* ''hataizu itu (would lose)'' | * ''hataizu itu (would lose)'' | ||
* ''patzegiu itu (would work)'' | * ''patzegiu itu (would work)'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Future perfect in the past | !Future perfect in the past | ||
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* ''hataizu huka itu (would have lost)'' | * ''hataizu huka itu (would have lost)'' | ||
* ''patzegiu huka itu (would have worked)'' | * ''patzegiu huka itu (would have worked)'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Hypothetic | !Hypothetic | ||
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* ''nakuz isan (if see)'' | * ''nakuz isan (if see)'' | ||
* ''nakusa isan (if think)'' | * ''nakusa isan (if think)'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Past potential | !Past potential | ||
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* ''nakuzi huka (if saw)'' | * ''nakuzi huka (if saw)'' | ||
* ''nakusai huka (if thought)'' | * ''nakusai huka (if thought)'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Present potential | !Present potential | ||
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* ''nakuzo huka (if see)'' | * ''nakuzo huka (if see)'' | ||
* ''nakusan huka (if think)'' | * ''nakusan huka (if think)'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Positive volition | !Positive volition | ||
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* ''hataiz te nasa (want to lose )'' | * ''hataiz te nasa (want to lose )'' | ||
* ''patzegi te nasa (want to work)'' | * ''patzegi te nasa (want to work)'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Negative volition | !Negative volition | ||
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* ''hataiz ketz te nasa (don't want to lose )'' | * ''hataiz ketz te nasa (don't want to lose )'' | ||
* ''patzegi ketz te nasa (don't want to work)'' | * ''patzegi ketz te nasa (don't want to work)'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Obligation | !Obligation | ||
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* ''hataiz nasa (must lose)'' | * ''hataiz nasa (must lose)'' | ||
* ''patzegi nasa (must work)'' | * ''patzegi nasa (must work)'' | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!Ability | !Ability | ||
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* ''hataiz nasa isan (can lose)'' | * ''hataiz nasa isan (can lose)'' | ||
* ''patzegi nasa isan (can work)'' | * ''patzegi nasa isan (can work)'' | ||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||