Azkali language: Difference between revisions

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Azkali is one of the prime examples of an [[w:Ergative–absolutive_alignment|ergative language]]. In Azkali, the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb are rendered in the ''absolutive'' case - the subject of a transitive verb is rendered in the ''ergative'' case. This is in opposition to all extant Mallo-Brausian languages, which are what are known as accusative languages, whereby the subject of both transitive and intransitive verbs are in the nominative case, with the object of a transitive verb being in the accusative case. Ergativity in Azkali evolved from [[Proto-Azkali language|Proto Azkali]], which had a split-ergative system based on tense.

Azkali nouns are overtly declined for six grammatical cases (the '''ergative, absolutive, possessive, privative, dative,''' and '''instrumental''') and three numbers (the '''singular, paucal,''' and '''plural'''), ~~with any type of~~ grammatical gender ~~being completely absent in all attested dialects~~. Azkali verbs conjugate for four moods (the '''indicative, conditional, hypothetical''', and '''imperative'''), three tenses (the '''far past, past,''' and '''non past'''), and person. Azkali verbs also have past and future participle, gerundive, and agentive forms. Save irregular verbs, Azkali verbs have some ~~fifteen~~ unique verbal forms.

Azkali nouns are overtly declined for six grammatical cases (the '''ergative, absolutive, possessive, privative, dative,''' and '''instrumental''') and three numbers (the '''singular, paucal,''' and '''plural'''), lacking grammatical gender. Azkali verbs conjugate for four moods (the '''indicative, conditional, hypothetical''', and '''imperative'''), three tenses (the '''far past, past,''' and '''non past'''), and in two verbs, person. Azkali verbs also have past and future participle, gerundive, and agentive forms. Save irregular verbs, Azkali verbs have some seventeen unique verbal forms.

[[File:Old book gathering.jpg|thumb|The oldest surviving copy of the [[Azalyi Gazi Chixgartai Ka]], at the [[Museum of Azkali History (Otzeipao)|Museum of Azkali History]] in Otzeipao. The copy shown is estimated to have been written between 900 BCE to 1,100 BCE.]]

Azkali is usually considered an agglunative language, though its verbs are fusionally constructed. Azkali nouns are constructed much more agglutinatively than verbs; for example, the noun ''[[Anakimateyagezereketara (song)|anakimateyagezereketara]]'' means "accomplished with the great relatives", or "with the help of the great relatives"; this can be broken down as ''a-(n)-akimateya-gez-(e)-rek-(e)-tar-a'', where:

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* '''Karia:''' Nice to meet you!

* '''Para:''' Please.

* '''~~Horaiztitu~~''': Thank you.

* '''Orrato''': Thank you.

* '''Mareche taikiyo''': Welcome.

* '''~~Zan~~''': Yes.

* '''Eina''': Yes.

* '''Ketz''': No.

* '''Askomoren en''' Excuse me. (getting one's attention)

* '''Goetzukuo:''' I'm sorry.

* ''(Informally)'' '''Chuziz:''' Bye.

* ''(Formally)'' '''Maerana:''' Farewell.

* ''(Informally)'' '''Mara:''' Bye.

== Dialects ==

@@ Line 170: / Line 170: @@
 Azkali is one of the prime examples of an [[w:Ergative–absolutive_alignment|ergative language]]. In Azkali, the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb are rendered in the ''absolutive'' case - the subject of a transitive verb is rendered in the ''ergative'' case. This is in opposition to all extant Mallo-Brausian languages, which are what are known as accusative languages, whereby the subject of both transitive and intransitive verbs are in the nominative case, with the object of a transitive verb being in the accusative case. Ergativity in Azkali evolved from [[Proto-Azkali language|Proto Azkali]], which had a split-ergative system based on tense.
-Azkali nouns are overtly declined for six grammatical cases (the '''ergative, absolutive, possessive, privative, dative,''' and '''instrumental''') and three numbers (the '''singular, paucal,''' and '''plural'''), with any type of grammatical gender being completely absent in all attested dialects. Azkali verbs conjugate for four moods (the '''indicative, conditional, hypothetical''', and '''imperative'''), three tenses (the '''far past, past,''' and '''non past'''), and person. Azkali verbs also have past and future participle, gerundive, and agentive forms. Save irregular verbs, Azkali verbs have some fifteen unique verbal forms.
+Azkali nouns are overtly declined for six grammatical cases (the '''ergative, absolutive, possessive, privative, dative,''' and '''instrumental''') and three numbers (the '''singular, paucal,''' and '''plural'''), lacking grammatical gender. Azkali verbs conjugate for four moods (the '''indicative, conditional, hypothetical''', and '''imperative'''), three tenses (the '''far past, past,''' and '''non past'''), and in two verbs, person. Azkali verbs also have past and future participle, gerundive, and agentive forms. Save irregular verbs, Azkali verbs have some seventeen unique verbal forms.
 [[File:Old book gathering.jpg|thumb|The oldest surviving copy of the [[Azalyi Gazi Chixgartai Ka]], at the [[Museum of Azkali History (Otzeipao)|Museum of Azkali History]] in Otzeipao. The copy shown is estimated to have been written between 900 BCE to 1,100 BCE.]]
 Azkali is usually considered an agglunative language, though its verbs are fusionally constructed. Azkali nouns are constructed much more agglutinatively than verbs; for example, the noun ''[[Anakimateyagezereketara (song)|anakimateyagezereketara]]'' means "accomplished with the great relatives", or "with the help of the great relatives"; this can be broken down as ''a-(n)-akimateya-gez-(e)-rek-(e)-tar-a'', where:
@@ Line 220: / Line 220: @@
 * '''Karia:''' Nice to meet you!
 * '''Para:''' Please.
-* '''Horaiztitu''': Thank you.
+* '''Orrato''': Thank you.
 * '''Mareche taikiyo''': Welcome.
-* '''Zan''': Yes.
+* '''Eina''': Yes.
 * '''Ketz''': No.
 * '''Askomoren en''' Excuse me. (getting one's attention)
 * '''Goetzukuo:''' I'm sorry.
+* ''(Informally)'' '''Chuziz:''' Bye.
 * ''(Formally)'' '''Maerana:''' Farewell.
-* ''(Informally)'' '''Mara:''' Bye.
 == Dialects ==