Kjaxono verbs: Difference between revisions

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Kjaxono verbs are unique in that there are only 200-300 verbs in the language; more precise meanings are expressed by auxiliary verbs, or serial strings of other verbs. Kjaxono verbs are extremely closed class, contrasting with nouns, which are not.

A unique feature only found in the [[Xjedgjaŋ languages|Xjedgjaŋ]] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, with aspect being how an event ''extends'' over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise ~~scenarios~~. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:

A unique feature only found in the [[Xjedgjaŋ languages|Xjedgjaŋ]] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, with aspect being how an event ''extends'' over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise meanings. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:

* The '''punctual pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at a single moment in time. The event in question is usually very brief in duration. Some examples of such events would be the flick of a match, a clap, etc.

* The '''repetitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being regular.

* The '''repetitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being regular. An example of such an event which would use the repetitive pattern would be the regular beeping noise of a fire alarm.

* The '''irregularitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being irregular.

* The '''fragmentative pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, but in short bursts, or fragments, with the length of time between each event being irregular. The fragmentative pattern is occasionally considered a subpattern within the irregularitive pattern, but this article will treat the fragmentative pattern as a seperate pattern.

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=== Verb structure ===

Kjaxono uses a variety of prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs. The following chart shows the maximum amount of affixes and alterations a verb in Kjaxono can take in their usual order. Note that in everyday speech, most Kjaxono verbs do not take the amount of forms that the table may suggest. Kjaxono linguistics assigns names to the affixes; this is shown on the first row. For example, the pC slot refers to a polypersonal circumfix, the TM slot refers to the combined tense mood slot, and so on.

Kjaxono uses a variety of prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs. The following chart shows the maximum amount of affixes and alterations a verb in Kjaxono can take in their usual order. Note that in everyday speech, most Kjaxono verbs do not take the amount of forms that the table may suggest. Kjaxono linguistics assigns names to the affixes; this is shown on the first row. For example, the PC slot refers to a polypersonal circumfix, the TM slot refers to the combined tense mood slot, and so on.

{| class="wikitable"

|+Kjaxono verb template

!'''PC'''

| rowspan="3" |~~'''(v)'''~~

! rowspan="3" |Vowel

grade

!TM

!E

! rowspan="3" |~~'''<u>STEM</u>'''~~

! rowspan="3" |Stem

| rowspan="3" |~~'''(V)<ref>The insertion of a vowel between the verb stem and the voice and pattern affix is uncommon. It is a promenant feature of the Aqcjam dialect, however.</ref>'''~~

! rowspan="3" |Vowel

grade

!VPA

!TM

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|}

=== ~~Evidentiality vowel~~ grades ===

=== Vowel grades ===

~~The~~ vowel grades

These are the Kjaxono vowel grades. There are four vowel grades - the direct grade, reportative grade, assumptive grade, and neutral grade. The first three are used to indicate evidentiality within the verb. The direct grade is used for scenarios when the speaker directly witnessed the actions they talk about. The reportative grade is used for scenarios when the speaker is only reporting the actions they talk about. The assumptive grade is used for scenarios when the speaker assumes the actions they talk about occurred. The neutral grade is used for when evidentiality is not marked.

{| class="wikitable"

|+

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=== Common objective post verbs ===

The following is not at all an objective list of postverbs, but they are the most common.

The following is not at all an objective list of postverbs, but they are the most common. In these postverbs, the uppercase V indicates the vowel grades being used.

{| class="wikitable"

|+

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!Meaning

|-

| -~~gibh~~

| -gVbh

|away from the object

|-

| -~~zog~~

| -zVg

|towards the object

|-

| -~~śjox~~

| -śjVx

|forwards

|-

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|backwards

|-

| -~~sa̖k~~

| -sVk

|to the left, on purpose

|-

| -mǔ

| -Vm

|to the right, on accident

|-

| -~~q̌xid~~

| -q̌xVd

|around

|-

| -~~gqu~~

| -gqV

|inwards

|-

| -~~ajt́~~

| -Vjt́

|outwards

|-

| -~~rqǒ̖t~~

| -rqVt

|upwards

|-

| -~~rqeg~~

| -rqVg

|downwards

|-

| -~~rqiš~~

| -rqVš

|perpendicularly

|-

| -~~qax̌~~

| -qVx̌

|over a straight path

|-

| -~~dam~~

| -dVm

|over a curving path

|}

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 Kjaxono verbs are unique in that there are only 200-300 verbs in the language; more precise meanings are expressed by auxiliary verbs, or serial strings of other verbs. Kjaxono verbs are extremely closed class, contrasting with nouns, which are not.
-A unique feature only found in the [[Xjedgjaŋ languages|Xjedgjaŋ]] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, with aspect being how an event ''extends'' over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise scenarios. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:
+A unique feature only found in the [[Xjedgjaŋ languages|Xjedgjaŋ]] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, with aspect being how an event ''extends'' over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise meanings. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:
 * The '''punctual pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at a single moment in time. The event in question is usually very brief in duration. Some examples of such events would be the flick of a match, a clap, etc.
-* The '''repetitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being regular.
+* The '''repetitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being regular. An example of such an event which would use the repetitive pattern would be the regular beeping noise of a fire alarm.
 * The '''irregularitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being irregular.
 * The '''fragmentative pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, but in short bursts, or fragments, with the length of time between each event being irregular. The fragmentative pattern is occasionally considered a subpattern within the irregularitive pattern, but this article will treat the fragmentative pattern as a seperate pattern.
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 === Verb structure ===
-Kjaxono uses a variety of prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs. The following chart shows the maximum amount of affixes and alterations a verb in Kjaxono can take in their usual order. Note that in everyday speech, most Kjaxono verbs do not take the amount of forms that the table may suggest. Kjaxono linguistics assigns names to the affixes; this is shown on the first row. For example, the pC slot refers to a polypersonal circumfix, the TM slot refers to the combined tense mood slot, and so on.
+Kjaxono uses a variety of prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs. The following chart shows the maximum amount of affixes and alterations a verb in Kjaxono can take in their usual order. Note that in everyday speech, most Kjaxono verbs do not take the amount of forms that the table may suggest. Kjaxono linguistics assigns names to the affixes; this is shown on the first row. For example, the PC slot refers to a polypersonal circumfix, the TM slot refers to the combined tense mood slot, and so on.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+Kjaxono verb template
 !'''PC'''
-| rowspan="3" |'''(v)'''
+! rowspan="3" |Vowel
+grade
 !TM
 !E
-! rowspan="3" |'''<u>STEM</u>'''
+! rowspan="3" |Stem
-| rowspan="3" |'''(V)<ref>The insertion of a vowel between the verb stem and the voice and pattern affix is uncommon. It is a promenant feature of the Aqcjam dialect, however.</ref>'''
+! rowspan="3" |Vowel
+grade
 !VPA
 !TM
@@ Line 222: / Line 224: @@
 |}
-=== Evidentiality vowel grades ===
+=== Vowel grades ===
-The vowel grades
+These are the Kjaxono vowel grades. There are four vowel grades - the direct grade, reportative grade, assumptive grade, and neutral grade. The first three are used to indicate evidentiality within the verb. The direct grade is used for scenarios when the speaker directly witnessed the actions they talk about. The reportative grade is used for scenarios when the speaker is only reporting the actions they talk about. The assumptive grade is used for scenarios when the speaker assumes the actions they talk about occurred. The neutral grade is used for when evidentiality is not marked.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+
@@ Line 348: / Line 350: @@
 === Common objective post verbs ===
-The following is not at all an objective list of postverbs, but they are the most common.
+The following is not at all an objective list of postverbs, but they are the most common. In these postverbs, the uppercase V indicates the vowel grades being used.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+
@@ Line 354: / Line 356: @@
 !Meaning
 |-
-| -gibh
+| -gVbh
 |away from the object
 |-
-| -zog
+| -zVg
 |towards the object
 |-
-| -śjox
+| -śjVx
 |forwards
 |-
@@ Line 366: / Line 368: @@
 |backwards
 |-
-| -sa̖k
+| -sVk
 |to the left, on purpose
 |-
-| -mǔ
+| -Vm
 |to the right, on accident
 |-
-| -q̌xid
+| -q̌xVd
 |around
 |-
-| -gqu
+| -gqV
 |inwards
 |-
-| -ajt́
+| -Vjt́
 |outwards
 |-
-| -rqǒ̖t
+| -rqVt
 |upwards
 |-
-| -rqeg
+| -rqVg
 |downwards
 |-
-| -rqiš
+| -rqVš
 |perpendicularly
 |-
-| -qax̌
+| -qVx̌
 |over a straight path
 |-
-| -dam
+| -dVm
 |over a curving path
 |}