Pataxea

Proto-Azkali is the reconstructed ancestor of the modern Azkali language. Along with Proto-Ukilen, the reconstruction on Proto-Azkali is one of the most extensive compared to other languages. The first conventional of Proto-Azkali started in 1500 AD, leading to the establishment of many modern linguistic reconstruction techniques that have been used for reconstructions of other languages.

History

Throughout early Azkali history, there have been countless records that corroborate the existence of Proto-Azkali as a language. The oldest grammar book in the world, the Azalyi Gazi Chixgartai Ka, describes Proto-Azkali's grammar and phonology as it was in approximately 6000 BCE, and the book itself dates to atleast 900 BCE, or as late as 1100 BCE.

Urhemiat

The homeland of Proto-Azkali speakers has been debated for centuries. There are two leading theories, the Northern Ukilen hypothesis and the Southwest Zuvia hypothesis, also rather infamously known as the Zuvia conondrum.

Northern Ukilen hypothesis

The Northern Ukilen hypothesis, first proposed in 1601 by Oikan polymath [insert name here], posits the homeland of Proto Azkali speakers in Northeast Ukilen continent, centered around Bongsibon. The Northern Ukilen hypothesis was the first theory for the homeland of Azkali ever proposed, and directly caused increased awareness of reconstruction of Proto-Azkali.

Phonology

Consonants

The consonants of Proto-Azkali are, in standard notation:

Consonants		Labial	Coronal			Dorsal		Glottal
			Alveolar		Palatal
			Plain	Labialized		Plain	Labialized
Nasals		*m /m/	*n /n/	*nw /nʷ/	ny /ɲ/	*ng /ŋ/
Plosives	voiceless	*p /p/	*t /t/	*tw /tʷ/	*c /c/	*k /k/	*kw /kʷ/
	voiced	*b /p'~b/	*d /t'~d/	*dw /tʷ'~dʷ/		*g /k'~g/	*gw /kʷ'~gʷ/
Fricatives	voiceless		*s /s/	*sw /sʷ/	*ch /ç/	*x /x~χ/	*xw /xʷ~χʷ/	*h /h/
	voiced		*z /s'~z/	*zw /sʷ'-zʷ/
Semivowels			*l /l/		*y /j/
Rhotic			*r /ɹ/	*rw /ɹʷ/

Nasal sounds could not appear word initially, nor it appears could *s or *z. The rhotic *r /ɹ/ possibly could have been a trill /r/ word initially.

Vowels

The vowel system of Proto-Azkali was a vertical vowel system, containing the three vowels /i/, /e/, and /a/, shown below;

	Front
Close	*i /i~ɪ/
Mid	*e /e~ɛ/
Open	*a /a/

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns in Proto-Azkali declined for 6 cases: the Nominative, marking the object of a transitive or intransitive verb, the Ergative, marking the subject of a transitive verb, the Accusative marking the direct object of a transitive verb and in past clauses, the subject of intransitive verbs and the direct objects of transitive verbs, the Genitive, marking a relationship between two nouns, the Privative, marking the lack of ownership specifically on a marked noun, and the Instrumental, marking the noun as being the instrument by which the verb was accomplished (this can be a physical object or a concept). Neither Proto-Azkali verbs nor nouns nor adjectives were inflected, with all inflection being conveyed via particles.

Proto-Azkali had a split-ergative morphological alignment. In the future and present tenses, the nominative and accusative cases were used; in past tenses, the ergative case was used, and the accusative case acted as the absolutive case. Case marking appeared to have been conveyed via particles, shown below:

Proto-Azkali case

Nominative	Ø
Ergative	*ne
Accusative	*ka
Genitive	*kaca
Privative	*za
Instrumental	*gazi

Verbs

Verbs in Proto-Azkali were not conjugated. Instead, all relevant information were signified, like nouns, with particles. These particles changed for person, tense, aspect, and mood. Proto-Azkali verbal particles could conjugate for two tenses (past and non past), aspect (imperfective, perfective), and mood (indicative, subjunctive, positive imperative, and negative imperative), in addition to the subject, direct object, and indirect object of a phrase when applicable.

Verbs in Proto-Azkali were exceedingly regular, even more so than modern forms of the Azkali language. There were no irregular verbs in the language at all. Contrastingly, verbal particles were by far the most complex parts of Proto-Azkali grammar. This is the template for a verbal particle in Proto-Azkali:

Person	Tense Aspect	Mood	Person

Person indices

Person marking in verbal particles were indicated by prefixes and suffixes. We will first cover the prefixes, which marked the subject of intransitive verbs and the direct objects of transitive ones.

Nominative subject/direct object marking (with examples)

	Pronoun	Suffix		Verb examples (Present tense, perfective aspect, indicative mood)
				etwai (to hear)	akwe (to sit)	hizwi (to see)
1 singular	ke	ke-		keran etwai (I hear)	keran akwe (I sit)	keranik hizwi (I saw myself)
1 plural	es	e-		eran etwai (We hear)	eran akwe (We sit)	eranik hizwi (We saw ourselves)
2 singular	te	te-		teran etwai (You hear)	teran akwe (You sit)	teranik hizwi (You saw yourself)
2 plural	ean	ea-		earan etwai (You all hear)	earan akwe (You all sit)	earanek hizwi (You all saw yourselves)
3 singular	bai	b-		baran etwai (He/she/it hears)	baran akwe (He/she/it sits)	baranak hizwi (He/she/it saw themselves)
3 plural	en	n-		neran etwai (They hear)	neran akwe (They sit)	neranek hizwi (They saw themself)

Lexicon

No.	Gloss	Proto-Azkali (Nora 1960)	Notes	Modern Azkali
1	I	*ke		go
2	you (singular)	*te		te
3	he, she, it	*bai		mei
4	we	*es		ko
5	you (plural)	*ean		ku
6	they	*en		kei
7	this	*anasgeri		nazkuriz
8	that	*keri		kauli
9	here	*on		hon
10	there			heri
11	who	*gamea		amori (interrogative)
12	what	*gamera		amozeri (interrogative)
13	where	*gachera		amicheri (interrogative)
14	when	*gesera		isari (interrogative)
15	how	*kea		amera (interrogative)
16	not	*ga(n)-		hu-
17	all	*ke(n)-		gen-
18	many	*gazg(i)-		asti-
19	some	*eze(n)-		sen-
20	few	*-(n)an		irria-
21	other			gou-
22	one	*chat		at
23	two	*chatei		aitei
24	three	*charei		iriu
25	four	*chamadei		madhet
26	five	*chakei		kaizo
27	big			motzi
28	long			zogi
29	wide			sogi
30	thick			astsathi
31	heavy	*debi		dheri
32	small	*mei		mei
33	short
34	narrow
35	thin
36	woman	*chemega		kuiga
37	man (adult male)	*chamiga		maiga
38	man (kali being)	*echalia	(either *echalia or *egalia were likely used)	kali
39	child	*esachigi		atsini
40	wife	*chetaz		eitoiz
41	husband			paotoiz
42	mother	*mama		mama
43	father	*papa		papa
44	animal	*chitzaga		isana
45	fish
46	bird
47	dog
48	louse
49	snake	*ezaze	(possibly onomatopoeic)	tzatzu
50	worm	*azardaxe		tzoradhei
51	tree			zamait
52	forest			zamaikon
53	stick	*dera		dhoru
54	fruit	*ralisa		*ralitsa
55	seed	*cai		chai
56	leaf
57	root
58	bark (of a tree)
59	flower
60	grass
61	rope
62	skin
63	meat
64	blood
65	bone
66	fat (noun)
67	egg
68	horn	*echoirwa		koiha
69	tail	*twacha		taka
	feather
	hair	*ehwel		terel
	head
	ear
	eye
	nose
	mouth
	tooth
	tongue (organ)
	fingernail
	foot
	leg
	knee
	hand
	wing
	belly
	guts
	neck
	back
	breast	peke		heizke
	heart
	liver
	to drink
	to eat
	to bite
	to suck
	to spit
	to vomit
	to blow
	to breathe
	to laugh
	to see	*hizwi		etzere
	to hear	*twa		haitz
	to know			usan
	to think
	to smell
	to fear
	to sleep
	to live	*arise		areisu
	to die	*erwi		ri
	to kill	*erwikan		reilon
	to fight
	to hunt
	to hit
	to cut
	to split
	to stab
	to scratch
	to dig
	to swim	hizwi
	to fly
	to walk
	to come
	to lie (as in a bed)
	to sit	*akwe		erakei
	to stand
	to turn (intransitive)
	to fall
	to give
	to hold
	to squeeze
	to rub
	to wash
	to wipe
	to pull
	to push
	to throw
	to tie
	to sew
	to count
	to say
	to sing
	to play
	to float
	to flow
	to freeze
	to swell
	sun
	moon
	star
	water
	rain
	river
	lake
	sea
	salt
	stone
	sand
	dust
	earth
	cloud
	fog
	sky
	wind
	snow
	ice
	smoke
	fire
	ash
	to burn
	road
	mountain
	red
	green
	yellow
	white
	black
	night
	day
	year
	warm
	cold
	full
	new
	old
	good
	bad
	rotten
	dirty
	straight
	round
	sharp (as a knife)
	dull (as a knife)
	smooth
	wet
	dry
	correct
	near
	far
	right
	left
	at
	in
	with
	and
	if
	because
	name