Kjaxono verbs: Difference between revisions
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Due to its complexity and widespread irregularities, unique words to describe unusual concepts in regards to conjugation, and concepts with little if any equivelant in any other natural language, verbs in [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] often pose a mammoth stonewall to learners of the language. This article presupposes familiarity | Due to its complexity and widespread irregularities, unique words to describe unusual concepts in regards to conjugation, and concepts with little if any equivelant in any other natural language, verbs in [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] often pose a mammoth stonewall to learners of the language. This article presupposes familiarity with [[Kjaxono grammar]]. | ||
== Overview == | == Overview == | ||
Kjaxono verbs are constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features. | Kjaxono verbs are constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features. | ||
Kjaxono verbs are | Kjaxono verbs are unique in that there are only 200-300 verbs in the language; more precise meanings are expressed by auxiliary verbs, or serial strings of other verbs. Kjaxono verbs are extremely closed class, contrasting with nouns, which are not. | ||
A unique feature only found in the [[Xjedgjaŋ languages|Xjedgjaŋ]] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, with aspect being how an event extends over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise scenarios. There are four patterns in Kjaxono: | A unique feature only found in the [[Xjedgjaŋ languages|Xjedgjaŋ]] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, with aspect being how an event extends over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise scenarios. There are four patterns in Kjaxono: | ||
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* The '''irregularitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being irregular. | * The '''irregularitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being irregular. | ||
* The '''fragmentative pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, but in short bursts, or fragments, with the length of time between each event being irregular. The fragmentative pattern is occasionally considered a subpattern within the irregularitive pattern, but this article will treat the fragmentative pattern as a seperate pattern. | * The '''fragmentative pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, but in short bursts, or fragments, with the length of time between each event being irregular. The fragmentative pattern is occasionally considered a subpattern within the irregularitive pattern, but this article will treat the fragmentative pattern as a seperate pattern. | ||
Kjaxono verbs conjugate for the following | Kjaxono verbs conjugate for the following: | ||
* '''Tense''' | * '''Tense''' | ||
** ''[[W:Past tense|Past]]'' | ** ''[[W:Past tense|Past]]'' | ||
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=== Verb structure === | === Verb structure === | ||
Kjaxono uses a variety of prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs. The following chart shows the maximum amount of affixes and alterations a verb in Kjaxono can take in their usual order. Note that in everyday speech, most Kjaxono verbs do not take the amount of forms that the table may suggest. | Kjaxono uses a variety of prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs. The following chart shows the maximum amount of affixes and alterations a verb in Kjaxono can take in their usual order. Note that in everyday speech, most Kjaxono verbs do not take the amount of forms that the table may suggest. Kjaxono linguistics assigns names to the affixes; this is shown on the first row. For example, the pC slot refers to a polypersonal circumfix, the TM slot refers to the combined tense mood slot, and so on. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Kjaxono verb template | |+Kjaxono verb template | ||
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| rowspan="4" |'''(v)''' | | rowspan="4" |'''(v)''' | ||
!TM | !TM | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="3" |'''(V)''' | ||
'''Evidentiality''' | '''Evidentiality''' | ||
! rowspan="4" |'''<u>STEM</u>''' | ! rowspan="4" |'''<u>STEM</u>''' | ||
| rowspan="4" |'''(V)<ref>The insertion of a vowel between the verb stem and the voice and pattern affix is | | rowspan="4" |'''(V)<ref>The insertion of a vowel between the verb stem and the voice and pattern affix is uncommon. It is a promenant feature of the Aqcjam dialect, however.</ref>''' | ||
!VP | !VP | ||
!A | !A | ||
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!1 | !1 | ||
!2 | !2 | ||
!2a | |||
!3 | !3 | ||
!4 | !4 | ||
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!6 | !6 | ||
|} | |} | ||
Only the tense and mood affix is required to be present within a Kjaxono verb. This is what is most commonly employed, though in semi-formal and formal speech more inflection is | Only the tense and mood affix is required to be present within a Kjaxono verb. This is what is most commonly employed, though in semi-formal and formal speech more inflection is employed. | ||
== Conjugation == | |||
== Examples == | == Examples == | ||