Kzmr language: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Kzmr|NativeLanguage={{Kzmr|KZMR`}}|NativePronunciation=[[w:Help:IPA|[kəzamr̩ tɵ̞ðr̩]]]|Speakers=2.9 million|LanguageFamily=[[Proto-Ukilen]]|WritingSystem=[[Ukilen logographs#Traditional|Traditional Ukilen]]|OfficialLanguage=[[Baphia]], [[Kzmr]]|3Lettercode=KZM}}'''Kzmr''' ({{Kzmr|KZMR`}}''tþru Kzmrk'', <small>pronunciation: </small>[[w:Help:IPA|[tɵ̞ðr̩ kəzamrak]]]) is a [[Proto-Ukilen]] [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuum]] spoken in [[Kzmr]] and some parts of western [[Baphia]] primarily by the [[Kzmrcs|Kkzmrcs]]. It is the official language of Kzmr itself, and also held official status in the former [[Kzmr Autonomous Country]]. | {{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Kzmr|NativeLanguage={{Kzmr|KZMR`}}|NativePronunciation=[[w:Help:IPA|[kəzamr̩ tɵ̞ðr̩]]]|Speakers=2.9 million|LanguageFamily=[[Proto-Ukilen]]|WritingSystem=[[Ukilen logographs#Traditional|Traditional Ukilen]]|OfficialLanguage=[[Baphia]], [[Kzmr]]|3Lettercode=KZM}}'''Kzmr''' ({{Kzmr|KZMR`}} ''tþru Kzmrk'', <small>pronunciation: </small>[[w:Help:IPA|[tɵ̞ðr̩ kəzamrak]]]) is a [[Proto-Ukilen]] [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuum]] spoken in [[Kzmr]] and some parts of western [[Baphia]] primarily by the [[Kzmrcs|Kkzmrcs]]. It is the official language of Kzmr itself, and also held official status in the former [[Kzmr Autonomous Country]]. | ||
Collectively, the varieties of the Kzmr language form the Kzmric branch of the Proto-Ukilen family. The dialect continuum as a whole is [[w:Pluricentric language|pluricentric]], with the [[Srn Kzmr|Srn]] variety having prestige status in most of the country and [[Šžtcu Kzmr|Šžtcu]] being dominant in the far north. All varieties of the language are written in [[Traditional Ukilen logographs|traditional Ukilen]]. | Collectively, the varieties of the Kzmr language form the Kzmric branch of the Proto-Ukilen family. The dialect continuum as a whole is [[w:Pluricentric language|pluricentric]], with the [[Srn Kzmr|Srn]] variety having prestige status in most of the country and [[Šžtcu Kzmr|Šžtcu]] being dominant in the far north. All varieties of the language are written in [[Traditional Ukilen logographs|traditional Ukilen]]. | ||
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In Kzmr, carrier nouns are nouns comprised of a declined carrier root prefixed to an indeclinable nominal root. There are two different carrier roots used in Kzmr, being the standard root ''t-'' and the honorific root ''þks-''. The former, along with its case affix, is attached directly to the word and is affected by the relevant prosody, whereas the latter uses the declension patterns of pronouns and is considered to be the first half of a compound. While nouns using the honorific carrier are usually merely [[w:Honorific speech in Japanese#Honorific prefixes|''bikago'']]-analogous forms of standard nouns (thought to be an areal feature influenced by Baphian), nouns using the standard carrier are almost always obligatory and the root usually only applies to proper nouns and recent loanwords, although there are sporadic unconventional uses of each. | In Kzmr, carrier nouns are nouns comprised of a declined carrier root prefixed to an indeclinable nominal root. There are two different carrier roots used in Kzmr, being the standard root ''t-'' and the honorific root ''þks-''. The former, along with its case affix, is attached directly to the word and is affected by the relevant prosody, whereas the latter uses the declension patterns of pronouns and is considered to be the first half of a compound. While nouns using the honorific carrier are usually merely [[w:Honorific speech in Japanese#Honorific prefixes|''bikago'']]-analogous forms of standard nouns (thought to be an areal feature influenced by Baphian), nouns using the standard carrier are almost always obligatory and the root usually only applies to proper nouns and recent loanwords, although there are sporadic unconventional uses of each. | ||
There is also a much rarer carrier with primarily negative affect, '' | There is also a much rarer carrier with primarily negative affect, ''thn-'', which patterns like ''t-''. Though commonly translated as "damned [noun]", it can also be associated with emotional valences besides contempt, such as shock or fear. | ||
=== ''Vocativa tantum'' === | === ''Vocativa tantum'' === | ||
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! dgšu (bird) | ! dgšu (bird) | ||
! Srn ([[Srn]]) | ! Srn ([[Srn]]) | ||
! | ! þksatrs (bat ''(hon.)'') | ||
! * | ! *xhhny (caribou) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nominative | | Nominative | ||
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| dgšu | | dgšu | ||
| Srn, tSrn | | Srn, tSrn | ||
| | | þksatrs | ||
| | | gdu xhhnmy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Accusative | | Accusative | ||
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| dgšgu | | dgšgu | ||
| tgSrn | | tgSrn | ||
| | | þksutrs | ||
| | | gdgu xhhnmy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Dative | | Dative | ||
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| dgšvu | | dgšvu | ||
| tvSrn | | tvSrn | ||
| | | þksatrs | ||
| | | gdvu xhhnmy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Genitive | | Genitive | ||
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| dgšku | | dgšku | ||
| tkSrn | | tkSrn | ||
| | | þksžatrs | ||
| | | gdku xhhnmy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Ablative | | Ablative | ||
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| dgšdu | | dgšdu | ||
| tdSrn | | tdSrn | ||
| | | þksatrs | ||
| | | gddu xhhnmy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vocative | | Vocative | ||
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| dgšmu | | dgšmu | ||
| tmSrn | | tmSrn | ||
| rowspan="3" | | | rowspan="3" | þksitrs | ||
| | | xhhnmy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Locative/Instrumental | | Locative/Instrumental | ||
| dgšvu | | dgšvu | ||
| tvSrn | | tvSrn | ||
| | | gdvu xhhnmy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Allative | | Allative | ||
| dgšhnu | | dgšhnu | ||
| thnSrn | | thnSrn | ||
| | | gdhnu xhhnmy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Adessive | | Adessive | ||
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| dgšzu | | dgšzu | ||
| tzSrn | | tzSrn | ||
| | | þksutrs | ||
| | | gdzu xhhnmy | ||
|} | |} | ||
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One common form of compound is the the verbal-nominal, stemming from a verb participle followed by a noun taking one of the seven oblique cases in Kzmr to create an adjective: | One common form of compound is the the verbal-nominal, stemming from a verb participle followed by a noun taking one of the seven oblique cases in Kzmr to create an adjective: | ||
(THIS IS NOT GOING TO BE FIXED UNTIL I ACTUALLY READD PARTICIPLES | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||