Tova language: Difference between revisions
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==== Pluralization ==== | ==== Pluralization ==== | ||
Plurals in Tova have, depending on how one counts, seven different patterns, and they are dependent on the sounds of a word. | Plurals in Tova have, depending on how one counts, seven different patterns, and they are dependent on the sounds of a word. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+Table of plurals | |||
! | |||
!Singular | |||
!Plural | |||
!Condition | |||
!Rule | |||
|- | |||
!Ia | |||
|''muluk'' | |||
|''muluku'' | |||
|'''...VC''' | |||
|'''...VC+V''' | |||
|- | |||
!Ib | |||
|''mujus'' | |||
|''mujusú'' | |||
|'''...VF''' | |||
|'''...VF+V́''' | |||
|- | |||
!IIa | |||
|''múseru'' | |||
|''múserunu'' | |||
|'''...CV''' | |||
|'''...CV+nV''' | |||
|- | |||
!IIb | |||
|''ukfásu'' | |||
|''ukfásunú'' | |||
|'''...FV''' | |||
|'''...FV+nV́''' | |||
|- | |||
!IIIa | |||
|''itulsan'' | |||
|''utlasan'' | |||
|'''V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>...''' | |||
|'''V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>...''' | |||
|- | |||
!IIIb | |||
|''takúseç'' | |||
|''atkúseç'' | |||
|'''C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>...''' | |||
|'''V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>1</sub>...''' | |||
|- | |||
!IIIc | |||
|''itulavsan'' | |||
|''utlavsan'' | |||
|'''V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>3</sub>...''' | |||
|'''V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>3</sub>...''' | |||
|} | |||
'''''Ia'': Non-fricative final consonant''' | |||
If a noun / adjective ends in a consonant, and if that consonant is not a fricative, then the vowel closest to the end of the word will be added at the end as the plural. | If a noun / adjective ends in a consonant, and if that consonant is not a fricative, then the vowel closest to the end of the word will be added at the end as the plural. | ||
For example: The plural of ''muluk'' 'end' is ''muluku'' 'ends'. Since the final vowel in ''muluk'' is /u/, that vowel is added at the end for the plural. | For example: The plural of ''muluk'' 'end' is ''muluku'' 'ends'. Since the final vowel in ''muluk'' is /u/, that vowel is added at the end for the plural. | ||
'''''Ib'': Fricative final consonant''' | |||
If a noun / adjective ends in a consonant, and if that consonant is a fricative, the vowel closest to end of the word will be added at the end as the plural, but it will be lengthened. | If a noun / adjective ends in a consonant, and if that consonant is a fricative, the vowel closest to end of the word will be added at the end as the plural, but it will be lengthened. | ||
For example: ''mujus'' 'write' → ''mujusú'' 'writes'. | For example: ''mujus'' 'write' → ''mujusú'' 'writes'. | ||
'''''IIa'': Non-fricative + vowel final sequence''' | |||
If a noun / adjective ends in a sequence of a non-fricative and then a vowel, the affix applied is ''-nV'', where ''V'' is the closest vowel to the end of the word. | If a noun / adjective ends in a sequence of a non-fricative and then a vowel, the affix applied is ''-nV'', where ''V'' is the closest vowel to the end of the word. | ||
For example: ''múseru'' 'relating to a torture device' → ''múserunu'' 'relating to a torture device (used for agreeing with nouns in the plural)'. | For example: ''múseru'' 'relating to a torture device' → ''múserunu'' 'relating to a torture device (used for agreeing with nouns in the plural)'. | ||
'''''IIb'': Fricative + vowel final sequence''' | |||
If a noun / adjective ends in a sequence of a fricative and then a vowel, the affix applied is ''-nV́'', where ''V́'' is the closest vowel to the end of the word, but lengthened. | If a noun / adjective ends in a sequence of a fricative and then a vowel, the affix applied is ''-nV́'', where ''V́'' is the closest vowel to the end of the word, but lengthened. | ||
For example: ''ukfásu'' 'relating to an act of hearing' → ''ukfásunú'' 'relating to an act of hearing (used for agreeing with nouns in the plural)'. | For example: ''ukfásu'' 'relating to an act of hearing' → ''ukfásunú'' 'relating to an act of hearing (used for agreeing with nouns in the plural)'. | ||
'''''IIIa'': Initial VCVCC sequence''' | |||
If a noun / adjective begins in a sequence that is V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>, the pluralization pattern is V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>. | |||
If a noun / adjective begins in a sequence that is V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>, the pluralization pattern is V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>. | |||
For example: ''itulsan'' 'god' → ''utlasan'' 'gods'. | For example: ''itulsan'' 'god' → ''utlasan'' 'gods'. | ||
'''''IIIb'': Initial CVCV sequence''' | |||
If a noun / adjective begins in a sequence of C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>, the pluralization pattern is V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>1</sub>. | If a noun / adjective begins in a sequence of C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>2</sub>, the pluralization pattern is V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>1</sub>. | ||
For example: ''takúseç'' 'crane' → ''atkúseç'' 'cranes' | For example: ''takúseç'' 'crane' → ''atkúseç'' 'cranes' | ||
'''''IIIc'': Initial VCVCV sequence''' | |||
If a noun / adjective begins in a sequence of V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>3</sub>, the pluralization pattern is V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>3</sub>. | If a noun / adjective begins in a sequence of V<sub>1</sub>C<sub>1</sub>V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>3</sub>, the pluralization pattern is V<sub>2</sub>C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>V<sub>3</sub>. | ||
For example: ''itulavsan'' 'greatest god' → ''utlavsan'' 'greatest gods'. | For example: ''itulavsan'' 'greatest god' → ''utlavsan'' 'greatest gods'. | ||