Kzmr language: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Kzmr|NativeLanguage=Kzmr tþru|NativePronunciation=[[w:Help:IPA|[kəzamr̩ tɵ̞ðr̩]]]|Speakers=2.9 million|LanguageFamily=[[Proto-Ukilen]]|WritingSystem=[[Ukilen logographs#Traditional|Traditional Ukilen]]|OfficialLanguage=[[Baphia]], [[Kzmr]]|3Lettercode=KZM}}'''Kzmr''' (''tþru Kzmrk'', <small>pronunciation: </small>[[w:Help:IPA|[tɵ̞ðr̩ kəzamrak]]]) is a [[Proto-Ukilen]] [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuum]] spoken in [[Kzmr]] and some parts of western [[Baphia]] primarily by the [[Kzmrri|Kkzmrri]]. It is the official language of Kzmr itself, and also held official status in the former [[Kzmr Autonomous Country]].

Collectively, the varieties of the Kzmr language form the Kzmric branch of the Proto-~~Baphian~~ family. The dialect continuum as a whole is [[w:Pluricentric language|pluricentric]], with the [[Srn Kzmr|Srn]] variety having prestige status in most of the country and [[Šžtcu Kzmr|Šžtcu]] being dominant in the far north. All varieties of the language are written in [[Traditional Ukilen logographs|traditional Ukilen]].

Collectively, the varieties of the Kzmr language form the Kzmric branch of the Proto-Ukilen family. The dialect continuum as a whole is [[w:Pluricentric language|pluricentric]], with the [[Srn Kzmr|Srn]] variety having prestige status in most of the country and [[Šžtcu Kzmr|Šžtcu]] being dominant in the far north. All varieties of the language are written in [[Traditional Ukilen logographs|traditional Ukilen]].

The various Kzmr lects share a consistent [[w:Diaphoneme|diaphoneme]] inventory noteworthy for having two separate 'null' phonemes as well as wholly lacking phonemic vowels.

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== Orthography ==

== Noun morphology ==

Though Kzmr preserves the original nine cases of Proto-Ukilen (albeit with the dative and locative being homophonous outside of pronouns), most other aspects of Proto-Ukilen noun morphology are either eroded or completely overhauled. Firstly, the animacy distinction is removed, with the original animate case endings having far more widespread reflexes in Kzmr. Secondly, the dual no longer exists and pluralization is instead marked, except in some irregular nouns, by reduplication of the first consonant (excluding, of course, //∅//).

=== Carrier nouns ===

In Kzmr, carrier nouns are nouns comprised of a declined carrier root prefixed to an indeclinable nominal root. There are two different carrier roots used in Kzmr, being the standard root ''t-'' and the honorific root ''þks-''. The former, along with its case affix, is attached directly to the word and is affected by the relevant prosody, whereas the latter uses the declension patterns of pronouns and is considered to be the first half of a compound. While nouns using the honorific carrier are usually merely [[w:Honorific speech in Japanese#Honorific prefixes|''bikago'']]-analogous forms of standard nouns (thought to be an areal feature influenced by Baphian), nouns using the standard carrier are almost always obligatory and the root usually only applies to proper nouns and recent loanwords, although there are sporadic unconventional uses of each.

There is also a much rarer carrier with primarily negative affect, ''tnn-'', which patterns like ''t-''. Though commonly translated as "damned [noun]", it can also be associated with emotional valences besides contempt, such as shock or fear.

=== ''Vocativa tantum'' ===

A ''vocativum tantum'' is a noun which appears solely in the vocative case. To be used in other syntactic roles, it must be used in conjunction with a classifier noun. Though these overlap with mass nouns, not all mass nouns are ''vocativa tantum'' and vice versa. For instance, "oryx" in the nominative is phrased as ''dždu xhvnmi'' (<code>CLF oryx-VOC</code>). ''Vocativa tantum'' are pluralized by pluralizing the classifier rather than the classified noun.

=== Defective nouns ===

Defective nouns are a variety of indeclinable nouns which are assigned their syntactic role by using one of two topical postpositions and replacing their intended place in the sentence with a pronominal. The two topical postpositions are ''bþ'', used when the topic takes an agentive or patientive role, and ''nn'' used otherwise. Baphian loans, as well as abbreviated forms of Kzmr nouns, are frequently defective nouns. Take the following sentence, for instance:

''''Kshkhi bþ hhnri þ' h'u.'''<br/><code>kusyeke.kherang TOP play-PRES.IMPF 1-NOM 3.INAM-ACC</code><br/>''I play [[kusyeke kherang]].''

The literal meaning of this expression could be translated as "As for kusyeke kherang, I play it."

=== Table ===

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Case

! þ' (I)

! dgšu (bird)

! Srn ([[Srn]])

! þksatrrn (bat ''(hon.)'')

! *xhvni (oryx)

|-

| Nominative

| þ'

| dgšu

| Srn, tSrn

| þksatrrn

| dždu xhvnmi

|-

| Accusative

| þ'u

| dgšgu

| tgSrn

| þksutrrn

| dždgu xhvnmi

|-

| Dative

| þ'

| dgšvu

| tvSrn

| þksatrrn

| dždvu xhvnmi

|-

| Genitive

| þž

| dgšku

| tkSrn

| þksžatrrn

| dždku xhvnmi

|-

| Ablative

| þ'

| dgšdu

| tdSrn

| þksatrrn

| džddu xhvnmi

|-

| Vocative

| rowspan="3" | þ'i

| dgšmu

| tmSrn

| rowspan="3" | þksitrrn

| xhvnmi

|-

| Locative/Instrumental

| dgšvu

| tvSrn

| dždvu xhvnmi

|-

| Allative

| dgšhnu

| thnSrn

| dždhnu xhvnmi

|-

| Adessive

| þ'u

| dgšzu

| tzSrn

| þksutrrn

| dždzu xhvnmi

|}

== Word formation ==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox:Language|LanguageName=Kzmr|NativeLanguage=Kzmr tþru|NativePronunciation=[[w:Help:IPA|&#91;kəzamr̩ tɵ̞ðr̩&#93;]]|Speakers=2.9 million|LanguageFamily=[[Proto-Ukilen]]|WritingSystem=[[Ukilen logographs#Traditional|Traditional Ukilen]]|OfficialLanguage=[[Baphia]], [[Kzmr]]|3Lettercode=KZM}}'''Kzmr''' (''tþru Kzmrk'', <small>pronunciation: </small>[[w:Help:IPA|&#91;tɵ̞ðr̩ kəzamrak&#93;]]) is a [[Proto-Ukilen]] [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuum]] spoken in [[Kzmr]] and some parts of western [[Baphia]] primarily by the [[Kzmrri|Kkzmrri]]. It is the official language of Kzmr itself, and also held official status in the former [[Kzmr Autonomous Country]].
-Collectively, the varieties of the Kzmr language form the Kzmric branch of the Proto-Baphian family. The dialect continuum as a whole is [[w:Pluricentric language|pluricentric]], with the [[Srn Kzmr|Srn]] variety having prestige status in most of the country and [[Šžtcu Kzmr|Šžtcu]] being dominant in the far north. All varieties of the language are written in [[Traditional Ukilen logographs|traditional Ukilen]].
+Collectively, the varieties of the Kzmr language form the Kzmric branch of the Proto-Ukilen family. The dialect continuum as a whole is [[w:Pluricentric language|pluricentric]], with the [[Srn Kzmr|Srn]] variety having prestige status in most of the country and [[Šžtcu Kzmr|Šžtcu]] being dominant in the far north. All varieties of the language are written in [[Traditional Ukilen logographs|traditional Ukilen]].
 The various Kzmr lects share a consistent [[w:Diaphoneme|diaphoneme]] inventory noteworthy for having two separate 'null' phonemes as well as wholly lacking phonemic vowels.
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 == Orthography ==
+== Noun morphology ==
+Though Kzmr preserves the original nine cases of Proto-Ukilen (albeit with the dative and locative being homophonous outside of pronouns), most other aspects of Proto-Ukilen noun morphology are either eroded or completely overhauled. Firstly, the animacy distinction is removed, with the original animate case endings having far more widespread reflexes in Kzmr. Secondly, the dual no longer exists and pluralization is instead marked, except in some irregular nouns, by reduplication of the first consonant (excluding, of course, //∅//).
+=== Carrier nouns ===
+In Kzmr, carrier nouns are nouns comprised of a declined carrier root prefixed to an indeclinable nominal root. There are two different carrier roots used in Kzmr, being the standard root ''t-'' and the honorific root ''þks-''. The former, along with its case affix, is attached directly to the word and is affected by the relevant prosody, whereas the latter uses the declension patterns of pronouns and is considered to be the first half of a compound. While nouns using the honorific carrier are usually merely [[w:Honorific speech in Japanese#Honorific prefixes|''bikago'']]-analogous forms of standard nouns (thought to be an areal feature influenced by Baphian), nouns using the standard carrier are almost always obligatory and the root usually only applies to proper nouns and recent loanwords, although there are sporadic unconventional uses of each.
+There is also a much rarer carrier with primarily negative affect, ''tnn-'', which patterns like ''t-''. Though commonly translated as "damned [noun]", it can also be associated with emotional valences besides contempt, such as shock or fear.
+=== ''Vocativa tantum'' ===
+A ''vocativum tantum'' is a noun which appears solely in the vocative case. To be used in other syntactic roles, it must be used in conjunction with a classifier noun. Though these overlap with mass nouns, not all mass nouns are ''vocativa tantum'' and vice versa. For instance, "oryx" in the nominative is phrased as ''dždu xhvnmi'' (<code>CLF oryx-VOC</code>). ''Vocativa tantum'' are pluralized by pluralizing the classifier rather than the classified noun.
+=== Defective nouns ===
+Defective nouns are a variety of indeclinable nouns which are assigned their syntactic role by using one of two topical postpositions and replacing their intended place in the sentence with a pronominal. The two topical postpositions are ''bþ'', used when the topic takes an agentive or patientive role, and ''nn'' used otherwise. Baphian loans, as well as abbreviated forms of Kzmr nouns, are frequently defective nouns. Take the following sentence, for instance:
+'''&#39;Kshkhi bþ hhnri þ' h'u.'''<br/><code>kusyeke.kherang TOP play-PRES.IMPF 1-NOM 3.INAM-ACC</code><br/>''I play [[kusyeke kherang]].''
+The literal meaning of this expression could be translated as "As for kusyeke kherang, I play it."
+=== Table ===
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! Case
+! þ' (I)
+! dgšu (bird)
+! Srn ([[Srn]])
+! þksatrrn (bat ''(hon.)'')
+! *xhvni (oryx)
+|-
+| Nominative
+| þ'
+| dgšu
+| Srn, tSrn
+| þksatrrn
+| dždu xhvnmi
+|-
+| Accusative
+| þ'u
+| dgšgu
+| tgSrn
+| þksutrrn
+| dždgu xhvnmi
+|-
+| Dative
+| þ'
+| dgšvu
+| tvSrn
+| þksatrrn
+| dždvu xhvnmi
+|-
+| Genitive
+| þž
+| dgšku
+| tkSrn
+| þksžatrrn
+| dždku xhvnmi
+|-
+| Ablative
+| þ'
+| dgšdu
+| tdSrn
+| þksatrrn
+| džddu xhvnmi
+|-
+| Vocative
+| rowspan="3" | þ'i
+| dgšmu
+| tmSrn
+| rowspan="3" | þksitrrn
+| xhvnmi
+|-
+| Locative/Instrumental
+| dgšvu
+| tvSrn
+| dždvu xhvnmi
+|-
+| Allative
+| dgšhnu
+| thnSrn
+| dždhnu xhvnmi
+|-
+| Adessive
+| þ'u
+| dgšzu
+| tzSrn
+| þksutrrn
+| dždzu xhvnmi
+|}
 == Word formation ==