Library of Turku

Kjaxono verbs: Difference between revisions

← Older editNewer edit →
imported>Photosynthesis bisectors
VisualWikitext
imported>Photosynthesis bisectors
imported>Photosynthesis bisectors
Line 36: Line 36:
** ''[[W:Grammatical mood#Indicative|Indicative]]''
** ''[[W:Grammatical mood#Indicative|Indicative]]''
** ''[[W:Conditional mood|Conditional]]''
** ''[[W:Conditional mood|Conditional]]''
** ''[[W:Grammatical mood#Potential|Potential]]''
** ''[[W:Grammatical mood#Hypothetical|Hypothetical]]''
** ''[[W:Grammatical mood#Hypothetical|Hypothetical]]''
** ''[[W:Imperative mood|Imperative]]''
** ''[[W:Imperative mood|Imperative]]''
Line 74: Line 73:
!VP
!VP
!A
!A
!EV
!TM
| rowspan="4" |'''(V)'''
| rowspan="4" |'''(V)'''
!'''pC'''
!'''pC'''
Line 82: Line 83:
|Voice
|Voice
| rowspan="2" |Aspect
| rowspan="2" |Aspect
| rowspan="2" |Evidentiality
| rowspan="2" |<u>Mood</u>
| rowspan="2" |Polypersonal clitic
| rowspan="2" |Polypersonal clitic
|-
|-
Line 92: Line 95:
!4
!4
!5
!5
!3a
!2a
!6
!6
|}
|}
Line 97: Line 102:


== Polypersonal marking ==
== Polypersonal marking ==
Regardless of scale, Kjaxono verbs take the following markings to indicate the subject and object of the verb. These markings replace the expected pronouns; as a result, Kjaxono is considered a pro-drop language. The subject and object sections refer to the 1st and 6th slots of the verb template shown above.
Regardless of scale, Kjaxono verbs take the following markings to indicate the subject(s), direct object(s), and indirect object(s) of a verb. These markings replace the expected pronouns; as a result, Kjaxono is considered a pro-drop language. The subject and object sections refer to the 1st and 6th slots of the verb template shown above.
 
Indirect objects combined with direct objects have a vowel seperating the two markers, the specific vowel depending on the stem. This vowel is marked as '''V'''.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Polypersonal clitics
|+Polypersonal clitics
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Subject
! colspan="2" |Subject(s)
! rowspan="9" |
! rowspan="9" |
! colspan="2" |Object
! colspan="2" |Direct Object(s)
! rowspan="9" |
! colspan="2" |Indirect Object(s)
|-
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Singular
!Plural
!Plural
Line 115: Line 126:
| -z
| -z
| -zj
| -zj
| -('''V''')x̌
| -('''V''')x̌l
|-
|-
! colspan="3" |2p
! colspan="3" |2p
Line 121: Line 134:
| -n
| -n
| -nj
| -nj
| -('''V''')qn
| -('''V''')qm
|-
|-
! rowspan="5" |3p
! rowspan="5" |3p
Line 129: Line 144:
| -ŋ
| -ŋ
| -g
| -g
| -('''V''')ngq
| -('''V''')ngl
|-
|-
!Feminine
!Feminine
Line 135: Line 152:
| -ż
| -ż
| -d
| -d
| -('''V''')ck
| -('''V''')gl
|-
|-
!Neuter
!Neuter
Line 141: Line 160:
| -b
| -b
| -bh
| -bh
| -('''V''')pk
| -('''V''')pjn
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Non-kjarelen
! colspan="2" |Non-kjarelen
Line 146: Line 167:
|k-
|k-
! colspan="2" |'''N/A'''
! colspan="2" |'''N/A'''
| colspan="2" | -('''V''')cl
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Inanimate
! colspan="2" |Inanimate
Line 152: Line 174:
| -m
| -m
| -j
| -j
| -('''V''')r
| -('''V''')gqm
|}
|}
Pronouns are only added in addition to the polypersonal clitics for emphasis; it is considered ungrammatical to include both.
== Transitive scale (Objective scale) ==
== Transitive scale (Objective scale) ==
=== Northern objective scale ===
=== Northern objective scale ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Tense and mood affix
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Past
! rowspan="2" |Hodiernal
! rowspan="2" |Present
! colspan="4" |Perfect
! rowspan="2" |Future
|-
!Continuative
perfect
!Anterior
perfect
!Universal
perfect
!Recent
perfect
|-
! colspan="2" |Indicative
| -tj-
| -pj-
!N/A
| -x̌q-
| -x̌-
| -x̌m-
| -x̌n-
| -x̌d-
|-
! colspan="2" |Conditional
| -mj-
| -l-
| -kj-
| colspan="4" | -x̌b-
| -rd-
|-
! colspan="2" |Hypothetical
| -ŋt-
| -xj-
| -ct-
| colspan="4" | -x̌bh-
| -q-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Imperative
!Hard
| colspan="2" | -ht-
| rowspan="2" | -ż-
| colspan="4" | -żl-
| -rb-
|-
!Soft
| colspan="2" | -d-
| colspan="4" | -żg-
| -rl-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Evidentiality afifx
!Direct
| -x̌q-
|-
!Reportative
| -p-
|-
!Assumptive
| -k'-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Voice and pattern affix
! colspan="3" |Active voice (default)
! rowspan="9" |
! colspan="3" |Middle voice
! rowspan="9" |
! colspan="3" |Passive voice
|-
! rowspan="4" |Temporal
!Punctual
| -'c-
! rowspan="4" |Temporal
!Punctual
| -'cm-
! rowspan="4" |Temporal
!Punctual
| -'cm-
|-
!Repetitive
| -'cb-
!Repetitive
| -'cbh-
!Repetitive
| -'cbh-
|-
!Irregularitive
| -'dl-
!Irregularitive
| -'dm-
!Irregularitive
| -'dm-
|-
!Fragmentative
| -m'-
!Fragmentative
| -'mŋ-
!Fragmentative
| -'mŋ-
|-
! rowspan="4" |Spatial
!Punctual
| -'kn-
! rowspan="4" |Spatial
!Punctual
| rowspan="2" | -'kŋ-
! rowspan="4" |Spatial
!Punctual
| -'dŋ-
|-
!Repetitive
| -'qng-
!Repetitive
!Repetitive
| -'tŋ-
|-
!Irregularitive
| -'ql-
!Irregularitive
| -'qt-
!Irregularitive
| -'t-
|-
!Fragmentative
| -'mŋ-
!Fragmentative
| -'mq-
!Fragmentative
| -'q-
|}
=== Southern objective scale ===
=== Southern objective scale ===
=== Eastern objective scale ===
=== Eastern objective scale ===
Line 172: Line 329:


== Irregular verbs ==
== Irregular verbs ==
=== To be ===


=== To have ===
=== To have ===
Retrieved from "https://lot.icosahedr.online/wiki/Kjaxono_verbs"