Kjaxono verbs: Difference between revisions

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In the [[Cjaingi Omacili]], scales (Gqabakjoŋ /ɢa.'ba.kʲoŋ/ in [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]]) and subscales (Kangakjoŋ /ka.ɴa.kʲoŋ/) are described as so:

''"[...] it [~~Scales~~] [is] the system in verbs in which we classify, organize, and differentiate between the verbs in which take objects and not, to ensure that [subscales] see the lines and draw correctly in their wake [...]" (Page 291-292)''

''"[...] it [scales] is the system in verbs in which we classify, organize, and differentiate between the verbs in which take objects and not, to ensure that [subscales] see the lines and draw correctly in their wake [...]" (Page 291-292)''

In Kjaxono, two types of scales are used: the transitive and intransitive. The transitive scale is used primarily for transitive verbs, aswell as with volitive verbs. The intransitive scale, meanwhile, is used for intransitive verbs and involitive verbs. Translated from the [[Cjaingi Omacili]], the two scales in Kjaxono translate as the ''Objective scale'', and ''Non-objective'' (or ''anti-objective'') scale respectively. The objective scale and non-objective scale are what these are referred to by most linguists in [[Xjetjeŋ]]. The three subscales within are called the ''northern'' (qahaż), ''eastern'' (iemaqaż), and ''western'' (eameqeż) subscales. The northern subscale refers to verbs of any scale that start with front vowels, the eastern subscale refers to verbs of any scale that start with back vowels, and the western subscale refers to verbs that starts with consonants.

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Kjaxono verbs are constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features.

Kjaxono verbs have 5 main tenses: the ''past, hodiernal, present, perfect,'' and ''future''. The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb. Otherwise, the perfect tense takes the same conjugation as the present, lacking a tense affix.

Kjaxono verbs have 5 main tenses: the ''past, hodiernal, present, perfect,'' and ''future''. The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb. Otherwise, the perfect tense takes the same conjugation as the present, lacking a tense affix. Tense is applied to the '''2a''' subslot of the '''TmpD''' slot, and the '''6b''' subslot of the '''At²''' slot only if aspect is also expressed. Tense is also sometimes applied on the '''1b''' subslot of the '''PrV''' slot.

Kjaxono verbs have 5 moods: the ''indicative, conditional, potential, hypothetical,'' and ''imperative''. The imperative mood specifically has two seperate submoods: the hard and soft. Typically, the hard imperative is used by people of higher social classes to people of lower social status. Some examples of this would be an employer to an employee, by parents to children, etc. The soft imperative is used far more commonly, and acts as a more polite and formal version of the latter.

Kjaxono verbs have 5 moods: the ''indicative, conditional, potential, hypothetical,'' and ''imperative''. The imperative mood specifically has two seperate submoods: the hard and soft. Typically, the hard imperative is used by people of higher social classes to people of lower social status. Some examples of this would be an employer to an employee, by parents to children, etc. The soft imperative is used far more commonly, and acts as a more polite and formal version of the latter. Mood is applied to the '''2b''' subslot of the '''TmpD''' slot of the verb template as seen below.

Kjaxono verbs have 3 evidentialities: the ''direct, reportative,'' and ''assumptive''. The direct is employed when the speaker has directly witnessed the event being discussed. The reportative is employed when the speaker is reporting the event, but has not actually witnessed the event themselves. Finally, the assumptive is employed when the speaker is assuming the event being discussed occured. Evidentiality is applied to the '''E''' and '''8b''' subslot of the '''PsVe²''' slot; this means that evidentiality is doubly marked. When evidentiality is conjugated for, a postverb follows.

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Whilst usually conveyed via word order, Kjaxono verbs have 3 voices: the ''active, middle'', and ''passive''. They are applied to the '''V''' slot of the verb template as seen below.

Kjaxono verbs have 7 aspects: the ''perfective, momentative, prospective, imperfective, progressive, stative,'' and ''gnomic.'' When included, aspect is marked alongside tense (tense being doubly marked) in the '''At²''' slot of the verb template as seen below.

Kjaxono verbs have 7 aspects: the ''perfective, momentative, prospective, imperfective, progressive, stative,'' and ''gnomic.'' When included, aspect is marked alongside tense (tense being doubly marked) in the '''6a''' subslot of '''At²''' slot of the verb template as seen below.

A unique feature only found in the [..] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, aspect being how an event extends over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise scenarios. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:

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|+Kjaxono verb template

! colspan="2" |PrV

! colspan="3" |TmpD

! colspan="2" |TmpD

!E

! rowspan="3" |'''STEM'''

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| colspan="2" |Preverb

| rowspan="2" |'''Tense'''

| ~~colspan~~="2" |'''Person and Mood'''

| rowspan="2" |'''Person and Mood'''

| rowspan="2" |Evidentiality

| rowspan="2" |Pattern

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|Locative type

|Tense

~~|Definiteness~~

~~|Indefiniteness~~

|Misc.

|Evidentiality

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Line 113:

!2a

!2b

~~!2c~~

!3

!4

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Only the parts in '''bold''' are required to be present within a Kjaxono verb.

In Kjaxono, preverbs serve many functions. In some subscales they are used to differentiate between different tenses (most notably each of the perfect tenses) but they serve other uses as well. The existance of post-verbs universally is highly debated, but they are a prevelant feature of the [...] dialect, and are beginning to be used in mainstream dialects. In most dialects, preverbs only conjugate for the perfect, past, and nonpast tenses; in the hodiernal and present tenses the preverb is usually simply absent. Like how preverbs function, postverbs are also present, usually serving as a postposition. ~~Seperate markers for evidentiality based on it's previous position within the ''E slot'' are also present in the ''PsVe²'' slot.~~

In Kjaxono, preverbs serve many functions. In some subscales they are used to differentiate between different tenses (most notably each of the perfect tenses) but they serve other uses as well. The existance of post-verbs universally is highly debated, but they are a prevelant feature of the [...] dialect, and are beginning to be used in mainstream dialects. In most dialects, preverbs only conjugate for the perfect, past, and nonpast tenses; in the hodiernal and present tenses the preverb is usually simply absent. Like how preverbs function, postverbs are also present, usually serving as a postposition.

=== Conjugation process ===

== Conjugation process ==

== Transitive scale (Objective scale) ==

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 In the [[Cjaingi Omacili]], scales (Gqabakjoŋ /ɢa.'ba.kʲoŋ/ in [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]]) and subscales (Kangakjoŋ /ka.ɴa.kʲoŋ/) are described as so:
-''"[...] it [Scales] [is] the system in verbs in which we classify, organize, and differentiate between the verbs in which take objects and not, to ensure that [subscales] see the lines and draw correctly in their wake [...]" (Page 291-292)''
+''"[...] it [scales] is the system in verbs in which we classify, organize, and differentiate between the verbs in which take objects and not, to ensure that [subscales] see the lines and draw correctly in their wake [...]" (Page 291-292)''
 In Kjaxono, two types of scales are used: the transitive and intransitive. The transitive scale is used primarily for transitive verbs, aswell as with volitive verbs. The intransitive scale, meanwhile, is used for intransitive verbs and involitive verbs. Translated from the [[Cjaingi Omacili]], the two scales in Kjaxono translate as the ''Objective scale'', and ''Non-objective'' (or ''anti-objective'') scale respectively. The objective scale and non-objective scale are what these are referred to by most linguists in [[Xjetjeŋ]]. The three subscales within are called the  ''northern'' (qahaż), ''eastern'' (iemaqaż), and ''western'' (eameqeż) subscales. The northern subscale refers to verbs of any scale that start with front vowels, the eastern subscale refers to verbs of any scale that start with back vowels, and the western subscale refers to verbs that starts with consonants.
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 Kjaxono verbs are constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features.
-Kjaxono verbs have 5 main tenses: the ''past, hodiernal, present, perfect,'' and ''future''. The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb. Otherwise, the perfect tense takes the same conjugation as the present, lacking a tense affix.
+Kjaxono verbs have 5 main tenses: the ''past, hodiernal, present, perfect,'' and ''future''. The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb. Otherwise, the perfect tense takes the same conjugation as the present, lacking a tense affix. Tense is applied to the '''2a''' subslot of the '''TmpD''' slot, and the '''6b''' subslot of the '''At²''' slot only if aspect is also expressed. Tense is also sometimes applied on the '''1b''' subslot of the '''PrV''' slot.
-Kjaxono verbs have 5 moods: the ''indicative, conditional, potential, hypothetical,'' and ''imperative''. The imperative mood specifically has two seperate submoods: the hard and soft. Typically, the hard imperative is used by people of higher social classes to people of lower social status. Some examples of this would be an employer to an employee, by parents to children, etc. The soft imperative is used far more commonly, and acts as a more polite and formal version of the latter.
+Kjaxono verbs have 5 moods: the ''indicative, conditional, potential, hypothetical,'' and ''imperative''. The imperative mood specifically has two seperate submoods: the hard and soft. Typically, the hard imperative is used by people of higher social classes to people of lower social status. Some examples of this would be an employer to an employee, by parents to children, etc. The soft imperative is used far more commonly, and acts as a more polite and formal version of the latter. Mood is applied to the '''2b''' subslot of the '''TmpD''' slot of the verb template as seen below.
 Kjaxono verbs have 3 evidentialities: the ''direct, reportative,'' and ''assumptive''. The direct is employed when the speaker has directly witnessed the event being discussed. The reportative is employed when the speaker is reporting the event, but has not actually witnessed the event themselves. Finally, the assumptive is employed when the speaker is assuming the event being discussed occured. Evidentiality is applied to the '''E''' and '''8b''' subslot of the '''PsVe²''' slot; this means that evidentiality is doubly marked. When evidentiality is conjugated for, a postverb follows.
@@ Line 25: / Line 25: @@
 Whilst usually conveyed via word order, Kjaxono verbs have 3 voices: the ''active, middle'', and ''passive''. They are applied to the '''V''' slot of the verb template as seen below.
-Kjaxono verbs have 7 aspects: the ''perfective, momentative, prospective, imperfective, progressive, stative,'' and ''gnomic.'' When included, aspect is marked alongside tense (tense being doubly marked) in the '''At²''' slot of the verb template as seen below.
+Kjaxono verbs have 7 aspects: the ''perfective, momentative, prospective, imperfective, progressive, stative,'' and ''gnomic.'' When included, aspect is marked alongside tense (tense being doubly marked) in the '''6a''' subslot of '''At²''' slot of the verb template as seen below.
 A unique feature only found in the [..] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, aspect being how an event extends over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise scenarios. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:
@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 |+Kjaxono verb template
 ! colspan="2" |PrV
-! colspan="3" |TmpD
+! colspan="2" |TmpD
 !E
 ! rowspan="3" |'''STEM'''
@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 | colspan="2" |Preverb
 | rowspan="2" |'''Tense'''
-| colspan="2" |'''Person and Mood'''
+| rowspan="2" |'''Person and Mood'''
 | rowspan="2" |Evidentiality
 | rowspan="2" |Pattern
@@ Line 105: / Line 105: @@
 |Locative type
 |Tense
-|Definiteness
-|Indefiniteness
 |Misc.
 |Evidentiality
@@ Line 115: / Line 113: @@
 !2a
 !2b
-!2c
 !3
 !4
@@ Line 128: / Line 125: @@
 Only the parts in '''bold''' are required to be present within a Kjaxono verb.
-In Kjaxono, preverbs serve many functions. In some subscales they are used to differentiate between different tenses (most notably each of the perfect tenses) but they serve other uses as well. The existance of post-verbs universally is highly debated, but they are a prevelant feature of the [...] dialect, and are beginning to be used in mainstream dialects. In most dialects, preverbs only conjugate for the perfect, past, and nonpast tenses; in the hodiernal and present tenses the preverb is usually simply absent. Like how preverbs function, postverbs are also present, usually serving as a postposition. Seperate markers for evidentiality based on it's previous position within the ''E slot'' are also present in the ''PsVe²'' slot.
+In Kjaxono, preverbs serve many functions. In some subscales they are used to differentiate between different tenses (most notably each of the perfect tenses) but they serve other uses as well. The existance of post-verbs universally is highly debated, but they are a prevelant feature of the [...] dialect, and are beginning to be used in mainstream dialects. In most dialects, preverbs only conjugate for the perfect, past, and nonpast tenses; in the hodiernal and present tenses the preverb is usually simply absent. Like how preverbs function, postverbs are also present, usually serving as a postposition.
-=== Conjugation process ===
+== Conjugation process ==
 == Transitive scale (Objective scale) ==