Kjaxono verbs: Difference between revisions

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Kjaxono verbs are usually constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features.

The ''~~imperative mood~~'' has ~~two seperate submoods: the hard and soft. Typically~~, the ~~hard imperative is used by people~~ of ~~higher social classes to people of lower social status (an example being an employer to an employee),~~ by ~~parents to children~~, ~~etc~~. ~~The soft imperative is used far more commonly~~, ~~and acts as a more polite and formal version of~~ the ~~latter. Person marking in verbs can also specify~~ the ~~nature of definiteness in~~ the ~~pronoun. This feature - sometimes termed ''verbal personal definiteness'' - has little if any equivelance in any other natural language~~.

Kjaxono has 5 main tenses, the ''past, hodiernal, present, perfect,'' and ''future''. The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb. Otherwise, the perfect tense takes the same conjugation as the present, lacking a tense affix.

~~The~~ ''~~perfect tense~~'' has ~~5 different forms~~, of ~~which are conveyed via the preverb slot~~ of ~~Kjaxono's verb template~~. The ~~individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves~~, ~~but they do not vary morphologically except in~~ the ~~preverb~~.

Kjaxono has 5 moods, the ''indicative, conditional, potential, hypothetical,'' and ''imperative''. The imperative mood specifically has two seperate submoods: the hard and soft. Typically, the hard imperative is used by people of higher social classes to people of lower social status. Some examples of this would be an employer to an employee, by parents to children, etc. The soft imperative is used far more commonly, and acts as a more polite and formal version of the latter.

A unique feature only found in the [..] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern

Kjaxono has 3 main types of evidentiality, the ''direct, reportative,'' and ''assumptive''. The direct is employed when the speaker has directly witnessed the event being discussed. The reportative is employed when the speaker is reporting the event, but has not actually witnessed the event themselves. Finally, the assumptive is employed when the speaker is assuming the event being discussed occured.

A unique feature only found in the [..] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, aspect being how an event extends over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise scenarios. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:

* The '''punctual pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at a single moment in time. The event in question is usually very brief in duration. Some examples of such events would be the flick of a match, a clap, etc.

* The '''repetitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being regular.

* The '''irregularitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being irregular.

* The '''fragmentative pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, but in short bursts, or fragments, with the length of time between each event being irregular. The fragmentative pattern is occasionally considered a subpattern within the irregularitive pattern, but this article will treat the fragmentative pattern as a seperate pattern.

Pattern is indicated both as a suffix occuring in the 5a slot of the verb template as shown below, and in the 8c slot. In other words, if pattern is included within the verb, a postverb must follow.

The following list shows in total what Kjaxono verbs can conjugate for.

* '''Person'''

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|-

!Present

|'''''N/A'''''

| rowspan="2" |'''''N/A'''''

! colspan="2" |Potential

|''q(e)-''

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|-

!Perfect

~~|''ǔ-''~~

! colspan="2" |Hypothetical

|''h(i)''

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|-

!Direct

| -~~(e)~~tj-

| -tj-

|-

!Reportative

| -~~(e)~~d-

| -d-

|-

!Assumptive

| -~~(e)~~ng-

| -ng-

|}

Note that these prefixes combine with markings on the postverb

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 Kjaxono verbs are usually constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features.
-The ''imperative mood'' has two seperate submoods: the hard and soft. Typically, the hard imperative is used by people of higher social classes to people of lower social status (an example being an employer to an employee), by parents to children, etc. The soft imperative is used far more commonly, and acts as a more polite and formal version of the latter. Person marking in verbs can also specify the nature of definiteness in the pronoun. This feature - sometimes termed ''verbal personal definiteness'' - has little if any equivelance in any other natural language.
+Kjaxono has 5 main tenses, the ''past, hodiernal, present, perfect,'' and ''future''. The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb. Otherwise, the perfect tense takes the same conjugation as the present, lacking a tense affix.
-The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb.
+Kjaxono has 5 moods, the ''indicative, conditional, potential, hypothetical,'' and ''imperative''. The imperative mood specifically has two seperate submoods: the hard and soft. Typically, the hard imperative is used by people of higher social classes to people of lower social status. Some examples of this would be an employer to an employee, by parents to children, etc. The soft imperative is used far more commonly, and acts as a more polite and formal version of the latter.
-A unique feature only found in the [..] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern
+Kjaxono has 3 main types of evidentiality, the ''direct, reportative,'' and ''assumptive''. The direct is employed when the speaker has directly witnessed the event being discussed. The reportative is employed when the speaker is reporting the event, but has not actually witnessed the event themselves. Finally, the assumptive is employed when the speaker is assuming the event being discussed occured.
+A unique feature only found in the [..] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, aspect being how an event extends over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise scenarios. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:
+* The '''punctual pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at a single moment in time. The event in question is usually very brief in duration. Some examples of such events would be the flick of a match, a clap, etc.
+* The '''repetitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being regular.
+* The '''irregularitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being irregular.
+* The '''fragmentative pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, but in short bursts, or fragments, with the length of time between each event being irregular. The fragmentative pattern is occasionally considered a subpattern within the irregularitive pattern, but this article will treat the fragmentative pattern as a seperate pattern.
+Pattern is indicated both as a suffix occuring in the 5a slot of the verb template as shown below, and in the 8c slot. In other words, if pattern is included within the verb, a postverb must follow.
+The following list shows in total what Kjaxono verbs can conjugate for.
 * '''Person'''
@@ Line 175: / Line 186: @@
 |-
 !Present
-|'''''N/A'''''
+| rowspan="2" |'''''N/A'''''
 ! colspan="2" |Potential
 |''q(e)-''
@@ Line 183: / Line 194: @@
 |-
 !Perfect
-|''ǔ-''
 ! colspan="2" |Hypothetical
 |''h(i)''
@@ Line 210: / Line 220: @@
 |-
 !Direct
-| -(e)tj-
+| -tj-
 |-
 !Reportative
-| -(e)d-
+| -d-
 |-
 !Assumptive
-| -(e)ng-
+| -ng-
 |}
 Note that these prefixes combine with markings on the postverb