Library of Turku

Kjaxono verbs: Difference between revisions

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The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb.  
The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb.  
A unique feature only found in the [..] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern 


* '''Person'''
* '''Person'''
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** ''[[W:Grammatical aspect#Terms for various aspects|Stative]]''
** ''[[W:Grammatical aspect#Terms for various aspects|Stative]]''
** ''[[W:Gnomic aspect|Gnomic]]''
** ''[[W:Gnomic aspect|Gnomic]]''
* '''Pattern'''
** ''Punctual''
** ''Repetitive''
** ''Irregularitive''
** ''Fragmentative''
=== Verb structure ===
=== Verb structure ===
Kjaxono uses a variety of prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs. The following chart shows the maximum amount of affixes and alterations a verb in Kjaxono can take in their usual order. Note that in everyday speech, most Kjaxono verbs do not take the amount of forms that the table may suggest.
Kjaxono uses a variety of prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs. The following chart shows the maximum amount of affixes and alterations a verb in Kjaxono can take in their usual order. Note that in everyday speech, most Kjaxono verbs do not take the amount of forms that the table may suggest.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kjaxono verb template
|+Kjaxono verb template
! colspan="2" |''PrV''
! colspan="2" |PrV
! colspan="4" |''TmpD''
! colspan="3" |TmpD
!''E''
!E
! rowspan="3" |STEM
! rowspan="3" |'''STEM'''
! colspan="2" |'''''At²'''''
!P
!''V''
! colspan="2" |'''At²'''
! colspan="2" |(PsV)
!V
! colspan="3" |PsVe'''²'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Preverb
| colspan="2" |Preverb
| rowspan="2" |''Tense''
| rowspan="2" |'''Tense'''
| rowspan="2" |''Mood''
| colspan="2" |'''Person and Mood'''
| colspan="2" |''Person''
| rowspan="2" |Evidentiality
| rowspan="2" |''Evidentiality''
| rowspan="2" |Pattern
| rowspan="2" |''Aspect''
| rowspan="2" |Aspect
| rowspan="2" |''Tense''
| rowspan="2" |Tense
| rowspan="2" |''Voice''
| rowspan="2" |Voice
| colspan="2" |'''Postverb'''
| colspan="3" |Postverb
|-
|-
|''(Locative type)''
|Locative type
|''(Tense)''
|Tense
|''Definiteness''
|Definiteness
|''Indefiniteness''
|Indefiniteness
|''Misc.''
|Misc.
|''(Evidentality)''
|Evidentiality
|Pattern
|-
|-
!1a
!1a
!1b
!1b
!2a
!2a
!2
!2b
!2b
!2c
!2c
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!4
!4
!5a
!5a
!5b
!6a
!6
!6b
!7a
!7
!7b
!8a
!8b
!8c
|}
|}
One will notice the prevelant double marking that Kjaxono verbs conjugate for.  
Only the parts in '''bold''' are required to be present within a Kjaxono verb.


In Kjaxono, preverbs serve many functions. In some subscales they are used to differentiate between different tenses (most notably each of the perfect tenses) but they serve other uses as well. The existance of post-verbs universally is highly debated, but they are a prevelant feature of the [...] dialect, and are beginning to be used in mainstream dialects. In most dialects, preverbs only conjugate for the perfect, past, and nonpast tenses; in the hodiernal and present tenses the preverb is usually simply absent.   
In Kjaxono, preverbs serve many functions. In some subscales they are used to differentiate between different tenses (most notably each of the perfect tenses) but they serve other uses as well. The existance of post-verbs universally is highly debated, but they are a prevelant feature of the [...] dialect, and are beginning to be used in mainstream dialects. In most dialects, preverbs only conjugate for the perfect, past, and nonpast tenses; in the hodiernal and present tenses the preverb is usually simply absent. Like how preverbs function, postverbs are also present, usually serving as a postposition. Seperate markers for evidentiality based on it's previous position within the ''E slot'' are also present in the ''PsVe²'' slot.   


=== Conjugation process ===
=== Conjugation process ===
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For this section, the verb stem used is " aqaǔŋ" [aqa.'u:ŋ]; ''to bring.''
For this section, the verb stem used is " aqaǔŋ" [aqa.'u:ŋ]; ''to bring.''
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Preverb
|+Preverb tenses
! colspan="4" |Perfect tenses
! colspan="4" |Perfect tenses
! rowspan="2" |Past
! rowspan="2" |Past
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|}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Tense and Mood prefixes
|+Tense and mood prefixes
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tense
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Tense
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Mood
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Mood
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|''i-''
|''i-''
! colspan="2" |Indicative
! colspan="2" |Indicative
|''sj(e)-''
|'''''N/A'''''
|''c(e)-''
|''c(e)-''
| rowspan="2" |''kj(e)-''
| rowspan="2" |''kj(e)-''
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| colspan="2" |''qac(o)-''
| colspan="2" |''qac(o)-''
|}
|}
In addition, all tenses excluding the present triggers vowel gradation, turning the final vowel of the verb stem into /a/.
In addition, all tenses excluding the present triggers vowel gradation, turning the final vowel of the verb stem into /a/. In this example, aqaǔŋ would turn into aqaaŋ /aqa.'aŋ/.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Evidentiality prefixes
|+Evidentiality prefixes
|-
|-
!Direct
!Direct
| -(e)t-
| -(e)tj-
|-
|-
!Reportative
!Reportative
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!Assumptive
!Assumptive
| -(e)ng-
| -(e)ng-
|}
Note that these prefixes combine with markings on the postverb
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pattern suffixes
|-
!Punctual
| -ik(-)
|-
!Repetitive
| -tk(-)
|-
!Irregularitive
| -lǒ(-)
|-
!Fragmentative
| -te(-)
|}
|}


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