Hngatil grammar

This article provides an overview of the grammar of the Hngatil language, a language spoken by 100,000 people in central and northwestern Azkali.

Verbs

Verbs are the most inflecting part of speech in Hngatil. Verbs in Hngatil are constructed agglutinatively, comprising a stem, containing the core meaning of the verb, and a series of prefixes and suffixes that convey the inflection. Only the verb stem and classifiers are required, but is it very rare for only these two to be present. The order in which affixes and the verb stem occur in is regular, and is represented by the chart below.

Hngatil verb template

1	2	3	4
Mood prefix	Verb stem	Verb classifier suffix	Aspect suffix

One of the main features that seperates Hngatil from other languages in Ukilen is it's lack of grammatical tense. Tense-like information is conveyed via lexical and grammatical aspect, of which there are many that convey tense-like information, as well as context.

Mood

Hngatil verbs conjugate for 5 moods:

1. Indicative - used for factual statements from the viewpoint of the speaker, but most commonly used to confirm the statement as true when doubted
2. Conditional - used for actions that are dependent on other actions to occur
3. Optative - used for actions that the speaker wishes, assumes, or hopes to occur
4. Presumptive - used for actions that are presumed or theorized to happen based on prior evidence, or reasoning - usually has a future implication
5. Inferential - used for referring to actions that the speaker has not personally witnessed, and has inferred to have happened based on prior evidence, or reasoning. - usually has a past implication

Mood inflection

Indicative	∅ or nng(a)-
Conditional	dg(i(i))-
Optative	hnat'(i))-
Presumptive	llat'(a)-
Inferential	dbat'(a)-

Classifiers

Hngatil has a number of different suffixes that classify the physical nature, characteristics, and properties, if applicable, of the noun in the sentence. There are some fourteen different classifier suffixes in Hngatil. In addition, many common verbs have different stems based on the classifier suffix; Hngatil has no one verb stem meaning to cut - instead, there are 6 different verb stems for each classifier. Some different types of classifier share the same suffix; their precise meaning is usually clarified via a stem change, or surrounding. context.

The list of classifiers are shown below. Note that some classifiers may overlap in meaning with each other.

Name	Abbreviation	Affixes	Notes	Examples
Solid object	SO	-(a)typa(-)		Chair, wall, building, etc.
Liquid object	RO		Stem change	Water, milk, etc.
Elevated object	EO	-(a)ki(i)(-)		Chair, table, plane, kali, etc.
Slender object	SFI		Stem change	Rope, flagpole, etc.
Load object	LO	-(a)pii(-)		Backpack, sack, etc.
Open container	OC		Stem change	Glass of water, handful of flour, etc.
Closed container	CC		Stem change	Box, closed water bottle, etc.
Animate object	AO	-(a)k'uu(-)		Kali, human, etc.
Semianimate object	SAO		Stem change	Pig, cows, crow
Inanimate object	IO	-(a)ŵa(-)		Terrain, building
Plural objects	PO	-(a)ki(i)t'(-)		Buildings, pigs, cows, persons, etc
Long tall object	LTO	-(a)ra(-)		Bow, flag, etc.
Smooth object	SMO	-(a)ddi(i)(-)	Stem change	Sphere, ice, glass, etc.
Rigid object	RO			Rock, mountains, etc.

The full paradigm for the verb stem ngmai - meaning to cut, is shown.

Aspect

Hngatil verbs conjugate for 16 aspects:

1. Perfective - an action viewed completely, and without internal structure, i.e as a whole.
2. Momentane - an action that suddenly occurs, lacking internal structure - often used to emphasize the suddenness of the action
3. Prospective - an action describing an event that occurs subsequently to a time or another verb
4. Habitual - an action which regularly, habitually, or customarily occurs
5. Progressive - an action that is ongoing and changing
6. Stative - an action that is ongoing and not changing
7. Gnomic - an action viewed as a general truth
8. Continuative - an action that is still happening given to a reference time
9. Inchoative - an action that is the beginning of a new state of being
10. Cessative - an action that is the end of another state of being - usually has a past implication
11. Iterative - an action that is repeated, with particular focus on the nature of the repeated elements
12. Segmentative - an action that is repeated, emphasizing the action as a whole rather than the separate parts
13. Revisionary - an action that is being returned to from a different action or state
14. Serial - an action that is repeated, consisting of seperate distinct actions that can be analyzed either as a whole or as separate independent parts
15. Reversative - an action involving the change of direction or intent
16. Distributive - an action that occurs or is done or happens to/by a group or location

A list of all aspectual suffix forms is shown below

Irregular and defective verbs

Many Hngatil verbs, particularly the most common verbs, are irregular and defective in aspects marking.

Nouns

Noun morphology, compared to verbal morphology, is relatively lackluster. Hngatil nouns comprise of two main classes: one that are derived from nouns, referred to usually as verbal nouns, and nouns that are not derived from nouns, referred to usually as basic nouns. There are far more verbal nouns than there are basic nouns.

The five numbers that basic nouns decline for are the Singular, denoting there is one of the noun, Dual, denoting there is two of the noun, Trial, denoting there is three of the noun, Paucal, showing there is a small group of nouns (the specific number not exact), and the Plural, denoting there is more than three of the noun.

Case and number

The two paradigms for verbal nouns and basic nouns, in addition to adjectives and direct objects, are shown below. The case and number affixes are both conveyed in the same affix, and they must occur simultaneously.

	Singular	Dual	Trial	Paucal	Plural		Singular, Dual, Trial, Paucal	Plural
	Basic nouns						Verbal nouns
Ergative	-(a)gbu(u)	-(a)gbi(i)	-(a)kpi(i)	-(a)k'i(i)	-(a)kit'i(i)		-(a)kpi(i)	-(a)k'a
Absolutive	∅				-(a)typu(u)		∅
Genitive	-(a)bbi(i)			-(a)gga			-(a)llu(u)t'a
Dative	-(a)t'a				-p'i(i)kpa
Semblative	da(k)-	t'a(k)-	t'u(u)(k)-	t'a(l)-	-p'i(i)k'		-(a)da	-(a)t'a
Abessive	-(a)gbi(i)r	-(a)gbi(i)k'	-(a)kpi(i)k'	-(a)kpat'	-(a)gbi(i)		-(a)gbi(i)
Essive	-(i(i))dda			-(i(i))ggai(i)	-(i(i))nga		-(a)dda
Translative	-(a)na				-(a)nak'i(i)		-(a)nak'a	-(a)ni(i)k'i(i)