Hngatil grammar: Difference between revisions

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== Verbs ==

Verbs are the most inflecting part of speech in Hngatil. Verbs in Hngatil are constructed agglutinatively, comprising a ''stem'', containing the core meaning of the verb, and a series of prefixes and suffixes that convey the inflection. Only the verb stem is required, but is it very rare for only ~~a verb stem~~ to be ~~used~~. The order in which affixes and the verb stem occur in is regular, and is represented by the chart below.

Verbs are the most inflecting part of speech in Hngatil. Verbs in Hngatil are constructed agglutinatively, comprising a ''stem'', containing the core meaning of the verb, and a series of prefixes and suffixes that convey the inflection. Only the verb stem and classifiers are required, but is it very rare for only these two to be present. The order in which affixes and the verb stem occur in is regular, and is represented by the chart below.

{| class="wikitable"

|+Hngatil verb template

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Hngatil has a number of different suffixes that classify the physical nature, characteristics, and properties, if applicable, of the noun in the sentence. There are some fourteen different classifier suffixes in Hngatil. In addition, many common verbs have different stems based on the classifier suffix; Hngatil has no one verb stem meaning ''to cut'' - instead, there are 6 different verb stems for each classifier. Some different types of classifier share the same suffix; their precise meaning is usually clarified via a stem change, or surrounding. context.

The list of classifiers are shown below. Note that some classifiers may overlap in meaning with ~~eachother~~.

The list of classifiers are shown below. Note that some classifiers may overlap in meaning with each other.

{| class="wikitable"

|+

!Name

!Abbreviation

!~~Suffixes~~

!Affixes

!Notes

!Examples

|-

!Solid object

|SO

!'''SO'''

| rowspan="2" | ''-(a)~~typ~~(a-)''

| rowspan="2" | ''-(a)typa(-)''

|

|Chair, wall, building, etc.

|-

!~~Round~~ object

!Liquid object

|RO

!'''RO'''

|''Stem change''

|

|Water, milk, etc.

|-

!Elevated object

|EO

!'''EO'''

| rowspan="2" | ''-(a)ki(i)(-)''

|

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|-

!Slender object

|SFI

!'''SFI'''

|''Stem change''

|Rope, flagpole, etc.

|-

!Load object

|LO

!'''LO'''

| rowspan="3" |''-(a)~~pi(i)~~(-)''

| rowspan="3" |''-(a)pii(-)''

|

|Backpack, sack, etc.

|-

!Open container

|OC

!'''OC'''

|''Stem change''

|Glass of water, handful of flour, etc.

|-

!Closed container

|CC

!'''CC'''

|''Stem change''

|Box, closed water bottle, etc.

|-

!Animate object

|AO

!'''AO'''

| rowspan="2" |''-(a)k'~~u(u)~~(-)''

| rowspan="2" |''-(a)k'uu(-)''

|

|Kali, human, etc.

|-

!Semianimate object

|SAO

!'''SAO'''

|''Stem change''

|Pig, cows, crow

|-

!Inanimate object

|IO

!'''IO'''

|''-(a)ŵa''

|''-(a)ŵa(-)''

|

|Terrain, building

|-

!Plural objects

|PO

!'''PO'''

|''-(a)ki(i)t'''

|''-(a)ki(i)t'(-)''

|

|Buildings, pigs, cows, persons, etc

|-

!Long tall object

|LTO

!'''LTO'''

|''-(a)ra''

|''-(a)ra(-)''

|

|Bow, flag, etc.

|-

!Smooth object

|SMO

!'''SMO'''

| rowspan="2" |''-(a)ddi(i)''

| rowspan="2" |''-(a)ddi(i)(-)''

|''Stem change''

|Sphere, ~~ball~~, etc.

|Sphere, ice, glass, etc.

|-

!Rigid object

|RO

!'''RO'''

|

|Rock, mountains, etc.

|}

The full paradigm for the verb stem ''ngmai'' - meaning ''to cut'', is shown.

=== Aspect ===

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== Nouns ==

Noun morphology, compared to verbal morphology, is relatively lackluster. Hngatil nouns comprise of two main classes: one that are derived from nouns, referred to usually as ''verbal nouns'', and nouns that are not derived from nouns, referred to usually as ''basic nouns''. Verbal nouns are majorly defective in their declension, only inflecting for two numbers and eight. Adjectives and the direct object of any verb take the same conjugation as verbal nouns. Basic nouns, however, inflect for five numbers and eight cases.

Noun morphology, compared to verbal morphology, is relatively lackluster. Hngatil nouns comprise of two main classes: one that are derived from nouns, referred to usually as ''verbal nouns'', and nouns that are not derived from nouns, referred to usually as ''basic nouns''. Verbal nouns are majorly defective in their declension, only inflecting for two numbers and eight cases, the genitive and dative cases having merged. Adjectives and the direct object of any verb take the same conjugation as verbal nouns. Basic nouns, however, inflect for five numbers and eight cases.

=== Case ===

=== Case and number ===

The two paradigms for verbal nouns and basic nouns, in addition to adjectives and direct objects, are shown below:

The two paradigms for verbal nouns and basic nouns, in addition to adjectives and direct objects, are shown below. The case and number affixes are both conveyed in the same affix, and they must occur simultaneously.

{| class="wikitable"

|+

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 == Verbs ==
-Verbs are the most inflecting part of speech in Hngatil. Verbs in Hngatil are constructed agglutinatively, comprising a ''stem'', containing the core meaning of the verb, and a series of prefixes and suffixes that convey the inflection. Only the verb stem is required, but is it very rare for only a verb stem to be used. The order in which affixes and the verb stem occur in is regular, and is represented by the chart below.
+Verbs are the most inflecting part of speech in Hngatil. Verbs in Hngatil are constructed agglutinatively, comprising a ''stem'', containing the core meaning of the verb, and a series of prefixes and suffixes that convey the inflection. Only the verb stem and classifiers are required, but is it very rare for only these two to be present. The order in which affixes and the verb stem occur in is regular, and is represented by the chart below.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+Hngatil verb template
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 Hngatil has a number of different suffixes that classify the physical nature, characteristics, and properties, if applicable, of the noun in the sentence. There are some fourteen different classifier suffixes in Hngatil. In addition, many common verbs have different stems based on the classifier suffix; Hngatil has no one verb stem meaning ''to cut'' - instead, there are 6 different verb stems for each classifier. Some different types of classifier share the same suffix; their precise meaning is usually clarified via a stem change, or surrounding. context.
-The list of classifiers are shown below. Note that some classifiers may overlap in meaning with eachother.
+The list of classifiers are shown below. Note that some classifiers may overlap in meaning with each other.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+
 !Name
 !Abbreviation
-!Suffixes
+!Affixes
 !Notes
 !Examples
 |-
 !Solid object
-|SO
+!'''SO'''
-| rowspan="2" | ''-(a)typ(a-)''
+| rowspan="2" | ''-(a)typa(-)''
-|
 |
+|Chair, wall, building, etc.
 |-
-!Round object
+!Liquid object
-|RO
+!'''RO'''
 |''Stem change''
-|
+|Water, milk, etc.
 |-
 !Elevated object
-|EO
+!'''EO'''
 | rowspan="2" | ''-(a)ki(i)(-)''
 |
@@ Line 74: / Line 74: @@
 |-
 !Slender object
-|SFI
+!'''SFI'''
 |''Stem change''
 |Rope, flagpole, etc.
 |-
 !Load object
-|LO
+!'''LO'''
-| rowspan="3" |''-(a)pi(i)(-)''
+| rowspan="3" |''-(a)pii(-)''
 |
 |Backpack, sack, etc.
 |-
 !Open container
-|OC
+!'''OC'''
 |''Stem change''
 |Glass of water, handful of flour, etc.
 |-
 !Closed container
-|CC
+!'''CC'''
 |''Stem change''
 |Box, closed water bottle, etc.
 |-
 !Animate object
-|AO
+!'''AO'''
-| rowspan="2" |''-(a)k'u(u)(-)''
+| rowspan="2" |''-(a)k'uu(-)''
 |
 |Kali, human, etc.
 |-
 !Semianimate object
-|SAO
+!'''SAO'''
 |''Stem change''
 |Pig, cows, crow
 |-
 !Inanimate object
-|IO
+!'''IO'''
-|''-(a)ŵa''
+|''-(a)ŵa(-)''
 |
 |Terrain, building
 |-
 !Plural objects
-|PO
+!'''PO'''
-|''-(a)ki(i)t'''
+|''-(a)ki(i)t'(-)''
 |
 |Buildings, pigs, cows, persons, etc
 |-
 !Long tall object
-|LTO
+!'''LTO'''
-|''-(a)ra''
+|''-(a)ra(-)''
 |
 |Bow, flag, etc.
 |-
 !Smooth object
-|SMO
+!'''SMO'''
-| rowspan="2" |''-(a)ddi(i)''
+| rowspan="2" |''-(a)ddi(i)(-)''
 |''Stem change''
-|Sphere, ball, etc.
+|Sphere, ice, glass, etc.
 |-
 !Rigid object
-|RO
+!'''RO'''
 |
 |Rock, mountains, etc.
 |}
+The full paradigm for the verb stem ''ngmai'' - meaning ''to cut'', is shown.
 === Aspect ===
@@ Line 160: / Line 161: @@
 == Nouns ==
-Noun morphology, compared to verbal morphology, is relatively lackluster. Hngatil nouns comprise of two main classes: one that are derived from nouns, referred to usually as ''verbal nouns'', and nouns that are not derived from nouns, referred to usually as ''basic nouns''. Verbal nouns are majorly defective in their declension, only inflecting for two numbers and eight. Adjectives and the direct object of any verb take the same conjugation as verbal nouns. Basic nouns, however, inflect for five numbers and eight cases.
+Noun morphology, compared to verbal morphology, is relatively lackluster. Hngatil nouns comprise of two main classes: one that are derived from nouns, referred to usually as ''verbal nouns'', and nouns that are not derived from nouns, referred to usually as ''basic nouns''. Verbal nouns are majorly defective in their declension, only inflecting for two numbers and eight cases, the genitive and dative cases having merged. Adjectives and the direct object of any verb take the same conjugation as verbal nouns. Basic nouns, however, inflect for five numbers and eight cases.
-=== Case ===
+=== Case and number ===
-The two paradigms for verbal nouns and basic nouns, in addition to adjectives and direct objects, are shown below:
+The two paradigms for verbal nouns and basic nouns, in addition to adjectives and direct objects, are shown below. The case and number affixes are both conveyed in the same affix, and they must occur simultaneously.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+