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Hngatil grammar: Difference between revisions

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== Verbs ==
== Verbs ==
Verbs are the most inflecting part of speech in Hngatil. Verbs in Hngatil are composed of a ''stem'', containing the core meaning of the verb, and a series of prefixes and suffixes that convey the inflection. Only the verb stem is required, but is it very rare for only a verb stem to be used. The order in which affixes and the verb stem occur in is regular, and is represented by the chart below.
Verbs are the most inflecting part of speech in Hngatil. Verbs in Hngatil are constructed agglutinatively, comprising a ''stem'', containing the core meaning of the verb, and a series of prefixes and suffixes that convey the inflection. Only the verb stem is required, but is it very rare for only a verb stem to be used. The order in which affixes and the verb stem occur in is regular, and is represented by the chart below.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Hngatil verb template
|+Hngatil verb template
|-
|-
!1
!2
!2
!3
!3
Line 12: Line 11:
!5
!5
|-
|-
|Event pronominal(s)
|Mood prefix
|Mood prefix
!Verb stem
!Verb stem
|(Verb classifier suffix)
|Verb classifier suffix
|Aspect suffix
|Aspect suffix
|}
|}
One of the main features that seperates Hngatil from other languages in Ukilen is it's lack of grammatical tense. Tense-like information is conveyed via lexical and grammatical aspect, of which there are many that convey tense-like information, as well as context.
One of the main features that seperates Hngatil from other languages in Ukilen is it's lack of grammatical tense. Tense-like information is conveyed via lexical and grammatical aspect, of which there are many that convey tense-like information, as well as context.
=== Event pronominals ===
Event pronominals inflect for the person and number of the participant in intransitive verbs, and in transitive verbs, the person and number for both participants. The event pronominals are often not required to parse a sentence.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Intransitive event pronominals inflection
!Intransitive inflection
!Singular
!Dual
!Trial
!Paucal
!Plural
|-
!1st Person
|dy(a)-
|u(u)hr(a)-
|ll(a)-
|ŵu(u)k'(a)-
|rr(a)-
|-
!2nd Person
|bb(a)-
|u(u)bb(a)-
|llabb(a)-
|dall(a)-
|barr(a)-
|-
!3rd Person
|Ø- or db(a)-
|u(u)db(a)-
|lladb(a)-
|ŵadb(a)-
|dbarr(a)-
|-
!4th Person
|k'(a)-
|u(u)k'(a)-
|u(u)db(a)-
|u(u)ŵ(a)-
|gbarr(a)-
|}
In Hngatil grammars, the term '''4th person''' refers to an indefinite 3rd person - an example being '''one''' in "one must not eat". Only intransitive verbs can inflect for the 4th person - transitive verbs can not.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Transitive event pronominals inflection
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |
! colspan="15" |Experiencer (Ergative)
|-
! colspan="5" |1st Person
! colspan="5" |2nd Person
! colspan="5" |3rd Person
|-
!Singular
!Dual
!Trial
!Paucal
!Plural
!Singular
!Dual
!Trial
!Paucal
!Plural
!Singular
!Dual
!Trial
!Paucal
!Plural
|-
! rowspan="15" |Executor
(Abso-
lutive)
! rowspan="5" |1st
Person
!Singular
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |dyady(a)-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |dyalla(a)-
| rowspan="2" |dyarr(a)-
| rowspan="3" |dyabb(a)-
| rowspan="3" |dyau(u)bb(a)-
| rowspan="3" |dyall(a)-
| rowspan="3" |dyaŵu(u)k'(a)-
| rowspan="3" |dyarr(a)-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dual
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Trial
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |llady(a)-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |llahl(a)-
| rowspan="2" |llarr(a)-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Paucal
| colspan="3" |ŵu(u)dy(a)-
| rowspan="2" |ŵu(u)w(u(u))-
| rowspan="2" |ŵurr(a)-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Plural
| colspan="2" |rrady(a)-
| colspan="2" |rrall(a)-
|rrarr(a)-
| colspan="3" |rru(u)dy(a)-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="5" |2nd
Person
!Singular
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dual
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Trial
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Paucal
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Plural
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="5" |3rd
Person
!Singular
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dual
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|-
!Trial
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
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|-
!Paucal
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Plural
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}


=== Mood ===
=== Mood ===
Hngatil verbs conjugate for 5 moods:
Hngatil verbs conjugate for 5 moods:


# '''Indicative''' - used for factual statements from the viewpoint of the speaker
# '''Indicative''' - used for factual statements from the viewpoint of the speaker, but most commonly used to confirm the statement as true when doubted
# '''Conditional''' - used for actions that are dependent on other actions  
# '''Conditional''' - used for actions that are dependent on other actions  
# '''Optative''' - used for actions that the speaker hopes to occur
# '''Optative''' - used for actions that the speaker hopes to occur
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|+Mood inflection
|+Mood inflection
!Indicative
!Indicative
|nng(a)-
|∅ ''or'' nng(a)-
|-
|-
!Conditional
!Conditional
Line 306: Line 42:
!Inferrential
!Inferrential
|dbat'(a)-
|dbat'(a)-
|}
=== Classifiers ===
Hngatil has a number of different suffixes that classify the physical nature, characteristics, and properties, if applicable, of the noun in the sentence. There are some fourteen different classifier suffixes in Hngatil. In addition, many common verbs have different stems based on the classifier suffix; Hngatil has no one verb stem meaning ''to cut'' - instead, there are 7 different verb stems for each classifier.
The list of classifiers are shown below:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Name
!Abbreviation
!Suffixes
!Notes
!Examples
|-
|Solid Object
|SO
| rowspan="2" | -(a)typa
|
|
|-
|Round Object
|RO
|''Stem change''
|
|-
|Slender Flexible Object
|SFO
| rowspan="2" | -(a)ki(i)
|
|
|-
|Slender Fixed Object
|SFI
|''Stem change''
|
|}
|}


Line 320: Line 91:
# '''Continuative''' - an action that is still happening given to a reference time
# '''Continuative''' - an action that is still happening given to a reference time
# '''Inchoative''' - an action that is the beginning of a new state of being
# '''Inchoative''' - an action that is the beginning of a new state of being
# '''Cessative''' - an action that is the end of a state of being
# '''Cessative''' - an action that is the end of another state of being - usually has a past implication
# '''Iterative''' - an action that is repeated, with particular focus on the repeats
# '''Iterative''' - an action that is repeated, with particular focus on the nature of the repeated elements
# '''Segmentative''' - an action that is repeated, emphasizing the action as a whole  
# '''Segmentative''' - an action that is repeated, emphasizing the action as a whole rather than the separate parts
# '''Revisionary''' - an action that is being returned to from a different action or state
# '''Revisionary''' - an action that is being returned to from a different action or state
# '''Serial''' - an action that is repeated, consisting of seperate distinct actions
# '''Serial''' - an action that is repeated, consisting of seperate distinct actions that can be analyzed either as a whole or as separate independent parts
# '''Reversative''' - an action involving the change of direction or intent
# '''Reversative''' - an action involving the change of direction or intent
# '''Distributive''' - an action that occurs or is done or happens to/by a group or location
# '''Distributive''' - an action that occurs or is done or happens to/by a group or location
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