Library of Turku

Hngatil grammar: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Hngatil verb template
|+Hngatil verb template
|Mood prefix
!Verb stem
|(Verb classifier)
|Aspect suffix
|-
|-
!1
!1
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!3
!3
!4
!4
|-
|Mood prefix
Event pronominals
!Verb stem
|(Verb classifier suffix)
|Aspect suffix
|}
|}
One of the main features that seperates Hngatil from other languages in Ukilen is it's lack of grammatical tense. Tense-like information is conveyed via lexical and grammatical aspect, of which there are many that convey tense-like information, as well as context.
One of the main features that seperates Hngatil from other languages in Ukilen is it's lack of grammatical tense. Tense-like information is conveyed via lexical and grammatical aspect, of which there are many that convey tense-like information, as well as context.


=== Mood ===
=== Mood and event pronominals ===
Hngatil verbs conjugate for 5 moods:
Hngatil verbs conjugate for 5 moods:


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# '''Presumptive''' - used for actions that are presumed or theorized to happen
# '''Presumptive''' - used for actions that are presumed or theorized to happen
# '''Inferrential''' - used for actions that the speaker has not personally witnessed  
# '''Inferrential''' - used for actions that the speaker has not personally witnessed  
The prefix converying mood can also convey event pronominals - inflecting for the person and number of the participant in intransitive verbs, and in transitive verbs, the person and number for both participants. The event pronominals are often not required to parse a sentence, though when they are included, they change depending on the mood prefix. Mood is also not mandatory to parse a sentence, so when mood is not inflected for, the event pronominals change.
The following tables show the markings for intransitive verbs in regards to bare event pronominals, bare mood, and combined event pronominals and mood.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Intransitive event pronimals inflection
!Intransitive inflection
!Singular
!Dual
!Trial
!Paucal
!Plural
|-
!1st Person
|dy(a)-
|u(u)hr(a)-
|ll(a)-
|ŵu(u)k'(a)-
|rr(a)-
|-
!2nd Person
|bb(a)-
|u(u)bb(a)-
|llabb(a)-
|ŵall(a)-
|barr(a)-
|-
!3rd Person
|Ø- or db(a)-
|u(u)db(a)-
|lladb(a)-
|ŵadb(a)-
|dbarr(a)-
|-
!4th Person
|k'(a)-
|u(u)k'(a)-
|u(u)db(a)-
|u(u)ŵ(a)-
|gbarr(a)-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Transitive event pronominals inflection
! colspan="3" rowspan="3" |
! colspan="20" |Experiencer
|-
! colspan="5" |1st Person
! colspan="5" |2nd Person
! colspan="5" |3rd Person
! colspan="5" |Fourth Person
|-
!Singular
!Dual
!Trial
!Paucal
!Plural
!Singular
!Dual
!Trial
!Paucal
!Plural
!Singular
!Dual
!Trial
!Paucal
!Plural
!Singular
!Dual
!Trial
!Paucal
!Plural
|-
! rowspan="20" |Executor
! rowspan="5" |1st
Person
!Singular
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |dyu(u)nt(a)-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |u(u)dyant(a)-
| rowspan="2" |rrangt(a)-
| rowspan="3" |dyu(u)k'(a)-
| rowspan="3" |u(u)hradyu(u)k'(a)-
| rowspan="3" |llahru(u)dy(u(u))-
| rowspan="3" |ŵahru(u)dy(u(u))-
| rowspan="3" |rrahru(u)dy(u(u))-
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!Dual
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|-
!Trial
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |llant(a)-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |u(u)llu(u)nt(a)-
| rowspan="2" |rru(u)llang(a)-
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|-
!Paucal
| colspan="3" |ŵu(u)gb(i(i))-
| rowspan="2" |ŵu(u)rrdy(u(u))-
| rowspan="2" |rraŵu(u)typ(u(u))-
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|-
!Plural
| colspan="2" |rru(u)gb(u(u))-
| colspan="2" |u(u)rru(u)kp'(a)-
|rru(u)rrat'(a)-
| colspan="3" |rru(u)gb(i(i))-
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|-
! rowspan="5" |2nd
Person
!Singular
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="5" |dyu(u)kp'an(a)-
| rowspan="5" |u(u)hradyung(u)k'(a)-
| rowspan="5" |llahru(u)ngdy(u(u))-
| rowspan="5" |ŵahrungdy(u(u))-
| rowspan="5" |rrahrungdy(u(u))-
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!Dual
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|-
!Trial
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
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|-
!Paucal
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|-
!Plural
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
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|-
! rowspan="5" |3rd
Person
!Singular
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!Dual
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!Trial
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!Paucal
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!Plural
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! rowspan="5" |4th
Person
!Singular
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!Dual
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!Trial
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!Paucal
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!Plural
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{| class="wikitable"
|+Mood inflection
!Indicative
|nng(a)-
|-
!Conditional
|dg(i(i))-
|-
!Optative
|hnat'(i))-
|-
!Presumptive
|llat'(a)-
|-
!Inferrential
|dbat'(a)-
|}


=== Aspect ===
=== Aspect ===
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# '''Reversative''' - an action involving the change of direction or intent
# '''Reversative''' - an action involving the change of direction or intent
# '''Distributive''' - an action that occurs or is done or happens to/by a group or location
# '''Distributive''' - an action that occurs or is done or happens to/by a group or location
=== Irregular verbs ===
== Nouns ==
Retrieved from "https://lot.icosahedr.online/wiki/Hngatil_grammar"