Azkali language: Difference between revisions

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The '''nominative case''' is used to mark the subject of a verb. The '''accusative case''' is used to mark the patient of the verb. The '''possessive case''' is used to mark direct ownership. The '''dative case''', also used as the '''possessee case''' sometimes, marks the recipient of the verb and the object of which is possessed by the noun that is marked with the possessive case. The '''privative case''' is used to mark the lack of the possession of the marked noun. The '''instrumental case''' is used to mark the instrument in which the subject completes an action.

Adjectives also are marked based on the case that the noun they modify belongs to. This is described more in detail in the '''Adjectives''' section.

====== Extended Cases ======

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=== Conjugation ===

Azkali verbs fall into one of three different conjugation paradigms: these are almost universally referred to as ''declension-groups'' in Azkali grammars (though 1, 2, and 3 conjugations are sometimes used). The finite forms of all Azkali verbs varies widely between the three declension groups. ~~Essentially~~ all non-finite forms of verbs ~~(with a few isolated exceptions)~~ are identical ~~to eachother, however~~.

Azkali verbs fall into one of three different conjugation paradigms: these are almost universally referred to as ''declension-groups'' in Azkali grammars (though 1, 2, and 3 conjugations are sometimes used). The finite forms of all Azkali verbs varies widely between the three declension groups. Save third declension group verbs - of which their forms are marginally different than other verbs - all non finite forms for verbs are virtually identical.

In Azkali, both tense and mood are marked in a single affix that attaches to the verb. Occasionally, tense is doubly marked as a secondary suffix: see '''Seperate tense markings'''. Azkali has 3 main moods - the indicative, conditional, and imperative, and 3 or 4 tenses - the far past, past, non past, and future. In every declension group except for the third, future forms of indicative and conditional verbs are particularly rare.

==== ~~Seperate tense markings~~ ====

==== First declension group ====

~~In certain dialects~~ of Azkali - most ~~promenantly~~ the ~~Otzeipao dialect~~ and ~~generally most of which are influenced by Oikan - optional~~ tense ~~markings are present~~.

Between 5 and 8 Azkali verbs fall into the first declension group. These constitute some of the most regularly used Azkali verbs. The exact number of verbs that fall into the first declension group is disputed, however five extremely common verbs are in this declension group, being ''isan, esan, hian, eikan,'' and ''rei -'' being ''to be, to eat, to speak, to drink,'' and ''to sleep'' respectively. Unlike most verbs, which fall into the second and third declension groups, verbs that fall under the first declension group face full marking regarding tense and mood. The patterns in the first declension group have been long debated. In the past (i.e between the 1800s and 1980s), first declension group verbs were somewhat more regular. However, due to [[1980 Azkali Plague|the plague]], these forms have became extremely irregular, with few if any patterns between individual forms.

~~==== First declension group ====~~

Due to the massive system irregularity in this declension group, some linguists have advised against classifying the most irregular Azkali verbs into this declension group - some

~~Between 5 and 8 Azkali verbs fall into~~ the ~~first~~ declension group~~. These constitute~~ some of the most ~~regularly used~~ Azkali verbs~~. The exact number of verbs that fall~~ into ~~the first~~ declension group ~~is disputed, however five extremely common verbs, being ''isan, esan, hian, eikan,'' and ''rei~~ -'' being ''to be, to eat, to speak, to drink,'' and ''to sleep'' respectively. Unlike most verbs, which fall into the second and third declension groups, verbs that fall under the first declension group face full marking regarding tense and mood. The patterns in the first declension group have been long debated. In the past (i.e between the 1800s and 1980s), first declension group verbs were somewhat more regular. However, due to [[1980 Azkali Plague|the plague]], these forms have became extremely irregular, with few if any patterns between individual forms.

The most irregular verb that falls under the first declension group is ''isan'' - to be. As described in the above chapters, this verb is extremely irregular, far more so than any other verb that falls under the first declension group. The following chart shows all possible finite conjugations for ''isan.'' The two defaults forms of to be - isan and etz - are not bolded.

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|isan'''izz'''

|isan'''iss'''

|}

|}A chart that describes all possible affixes that first declension group verbs take is unfeasible, due to the irregularity. As such, this section will not show the forms in the 4-7 other verbs that are a part of the first declension group. Verbs that fall under the first declension group are by far the most tedious to learn for an Azkali learner, due to the widespread irregularity in their forms. Due to the irregular use of isan/etz/ezatz, some linguists disagree with the classification of isan as having far past, past, and non past indicative forms, instead classifying them as "tenseless".

~~In order to negate isan, the first vowel of the verb stem is changed to <o>. Thus, ''isan'' turns to ''osan'', ''nak etzkol'' turns to ''nak otzkol'', etc.~~

A chart that describes all possible affixes that first declension group verbs take is unfeasible, due to the irregularity. As such, this section will not show the forms in the 4-7 other verbs that are a part of the first declension group. Verbs that fall under the first declension group are by far the most tedious to learn for an Azkali learner, due to the widespread irregularity in their forms. Due to the irregular use of isan/etz/ezatz, some linguists disagree with the classification of isan as having far past, past, and non past indicative forms, instead classifying them as "tenseless".

==== Second declension group ====

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=== Irregular verbs ===

There are a moderate amount of irregular verbs in Azkali, with around 45 to 50 being in common use. By far the most used irregular verb in Azkali is ''isan.''

=== Seperate tense markings ===

One of the most peculiar aspects of Azkali verbs is the prescence of seperate tense markings. Particularly in dialects of Azkali influenced by [[Oikan]], most notably the Otzeipao dialect of Azkali, many verbs will double mark for a tense and mood affix, with an auxiliary verb marking for tense as well. These auxiliary verbs appear to be derived from [[Oikan]] tense markings.

== Syntax ==

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 |}
 The '''nominative case''' is used to mark the subject of a verb. The '''accusative case''' is used to mark the patient of the verb. The '''possessive case''' is used to mark direct ownership. The '''dative case''', also used as the '''possessee case''' sometimes, marks the recipient of the verb and the object of which is possessed by the noun that is marked with the possessive case. The '''privative case''' is used to mark the lack of the possession of the marked noun. The '''instrumental case''' is used to mark the instrument in which the subject completes an action.
+Adjectives also are marked based on the case that the noun they modify belongs to. This is described more in detail in the '''Adjectives''' section.
 ====== Extended Cases ======
@@ Line 811: / Line 813: @@
 === Conjugation ===
-Azkali verbs fall into one of three different conjugation paradigms: these are almost universally referred to as ''declension-groups'' in Azkali grammars (though 1, 2, and 3 conjugations are sometimes used). The finite forms of all Azkali verbs varies widely between the three declension groups. Essentially all non-finite forms of verbs (with a few isolated exceptions) are identical to eachother, however.
+Azkali verbs fall into one of three different conjugation paradigms: these are almost universally referred to as ''declension-groups'' in Azkali grammars (though 1, 2, and 3 conjugations are sometimes used). The finite forms of all Azkali verbs varies widely between the three declension groups. Save third declension group verbs - of which their forms are marginally different than other verbs - all non finite forms for verbs are virtually identical.
 In Azkali, both tense and mood are marked in a single affix that attaches to the verb. Occasionally, tense is doubly marked as a secondary suffix: see '''Seperate tense markings'''. Azkali has 3 main moods - the indicative, conditional, and imperative, and 3 or 4 tenses - the far past, past, non past, and future. In every declension group except for the third, future forms of indicative and conditional verbs are particularly rare.
-==== Seperate tense markings ====
+==== First declension group ====
-In certain dialects of Azkali - most promenantly the Otzeipao dialect and generally most of which are influenced by Oikan - optional tense markings are present.
+Between 5 and 8 Azkali verbs fall into the first declension group. These constitute some of the most regularly used Azkali verbs. The exact number of verbs that fall into the first declension group is disputed, however five extremely common verbs are in this declension group, being ''isan, esan, hian, eikan,'' and ''rei -'' being ''to be, to eat, to speak, to drink,'' and ''to sleep'' respectively. Unlike most verbs, which fall into the second and third declension groups, verbs that fall under the first declension group face full marking regarding tense and mood.  The patterns in the first declension group have been long debated. In the past (i.e between the 1800s and 1980s), first declension group verbs were somewhat more regular. However, due to [[1980 Azkali Plague|the plague]], these forms have became extremely irregular, with few if any patterns between individual forms.
-==== First declension group ====
+Due to the massive system irregularity in this declension group, some linguists have advised against classifying the most irregular Azkali verbs into this declension group - some
-Between 5 and 8 Azkali verbs fall into the first declension group. These constitute some of the most regularly used Azkali verbs. The exact number of verbs that fall into the first declension group is disputed, however five extremely common verbs, being ''isan, esan, hian, eikan,'' and ''rei -'' being ''to be, to eat, to speak, to drink,'' and ''to sleep'' respectively. Unlike most verbs, which fall into the second and third declension groups, verbs that fall under the first declension group face full marking regarding tense and mood.  The patterns in the first declension group have been long debated. In the past (i.e between the 1800s and 1980s), first declension group verbs were somewhat more regular. However, due to [[1980 Azkali Plague|the plague]], these forms have became extremely irregular, with few if any patterns between individual forms.
 The most irregular verb that falls under the first declension group is ''isan'' - to be. As described in the above chapters, this verb is extremely irregular, far more so than any other verb that falls under the first declension group. The following chart shows all possible finite conjugations for ''isan.'' The two defaults forms of to be - isan and etz - are not bolded.
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 |isan'''izz'''
 |isan'''iss'''
-|}
+|}A chart that describes all possible affixes that first declension group verbs take is unfeasible, due to the irregularity. As such, this section will not show the forms in the 4-7 other verbs that are a part of the first declension group. Verbs that fall under the first declension group are by far the most tedious to learn for an Azkali learner, due to the widespread irregularity in their forms. Due to the irregular use of isan/etz/ezatz, some linguists disagree with the classification of isan as having far past, past, and non past indicative forms, instead classifying them as "tenseless".
-In order to negate isan, the first vowel of the verb stem is changed to <o>. Thus, ''isan'' turns to ''osan'', ''nak etzkol'' turns to ''nak otzkol'', etc.
-A chart that describes all possible affixes that first declension group verbs take is unfeasible, due to the irregularity. As such, this section will not show the forms in the 4-7 other verbs that are a part of the first declension group. Verbs that fall under the first declension group are by far the most tedious to learn for an Azkali learner, due to the widespread irregularity in their forms. Due to the irregular use of isan/etz/ezatz, some linguists disagree with the classification of isan as having far past, past, and non past indicative forms, instead classifying them as "tenseless".
 ==== Second declension group ====
@@ Line 1,183: / Line 1,181: @@
 === Irregular verbs ===
+There are a moderate amount of irregular verbs in Azkali, with around 45 to 50 being in common use. By far the most used irregular verb in Azkali is ''isan.''
+=== Seperate tense markings ===
+One of the most peculiar aspects of Azkali verbs is the prescence of seperate tense markings. Particularly in dialects of Azkali influenced by [[Oikan]], most notably the Otzeipao dialect of Azkali, many verbs will double mark for a tense and mood affix, with an auxiliary verb marking for tense as well. These auxiliary verbs appear to be derived from [[Oikan]] tense markings.
 == Syntax ==