Azkali language: Difference between revisions

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In Azkali, nouns are marked for any of 6 noun cases. Generally, they follow these forms (using the word ''Eche'' - house as an example). In the past, Azkali used ''many'' more cases, but nowadays (except in the Turruist Azkali register) only these main 6 are used. The following chart is a table showing the "nuclear forms" of Azkali cases. These can occasionally change their forms, though most often via the addition of a vowel to eliminate consonant clusters.

The dative case can also be used as the '''possessee case'''; the two are entangled in a single affix. ~~Some grammars~~ and ~~linguists disagree with the entaglement~~, ~~but this article will treat them as one affix~~.

The dative case can also be used as the '''possessee case'''; the two are entangled in a single affix. This is a unique feature of the Otzeipao and Turku Azkali dialect, being seen infrequently (if at all) in other dialects.

{| class="wikitable"

|+

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|from the house

|}

The '''nominative case''' is used to mark the subject of a verb. The '''accusative case''' is used to mark the patient of the verb. The '''possessive case''' is used to mark direct ownership. The '''dative case''', also used as the '''possessee case''', marks the recipient of the verb and the object of which is possessed by the noun that is marked with the possessive case. The '''privative case''' is used to mark the lack of the possession of the marked noun. The '''ablative case''' is used to mark movement away from the noun.

The '''nominative case''' is used to mark the subject of a verb. The '''accusative case''' is used to mark the patient of the verb. The '''possessive case''' is used to mark direct ownership. The '''dative case''', also used as the '''possessee case''' sometimes, marks the recipient of the verb and the object of which is possessed by the noun that is marked with the possessive case. The '''privative case''' is used to mark the lack of the possession of the marked noun. The '''ablative case''' is used to mark movement away from the noun.

====== Extended Cases ======

''See Main article: [[Turruist Azkali grammar]]''

In Turruist Azkali, there are approximately 27 cases that nouns decline for. The following chart is a non-exhaustive list of the case forms used in Turruist Azkali (there are several more cases that are either rarely used, or dialectal - e.g. between different temples)

In Turruist Azkali, there are approximately 27 cases that nouns decline for. The enormous amount of cases that Turruist Azkali commonly uses appears to be an evolution of a remnant of Ancient Azkali: evidence shows that during the estimated founding of Turruism, Azkali used around 20 noun cases. This has been heavily condensed in Modern Azkali, but was kept in Turruist Azkali in liturgy. The following chart is a non-exhaustive list of the case forms used in Turruist Azkali (there are several more cases that are either rarely used, or dialectal - e.g. between different temples). A more in depth analysis of these may be found on the Turruist Azkali grammar page.

{| class="wikitable"

!Name

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Azkali verbs, unlike nouns, are more fusional than nouns, of which are decisively agglutinative. As shown in the chart in '''Theory''', verbs take direct marking for tense, mood, and voice, with evidentiality being conveyed via auxiliary verbs and or particles (tense and mood are conveyed in the same particle). Azkali verbs are only required to take the affixes for tense and mood; marking for voice and evidentiality are not required, though they are still commonly expressed in everyday parlance. While this section will provide a general overview of how Azkali verbs conjugate, a more in-depth article [[Azkali verbs|is linked]].

The verb is generally the most irregular part of speech in Azkali.

The verb is generally the most irregular part of speech in Azkali. It usually takes the most amount of marking in a sentence. As a result of the various types of features verbs conjugate for, Azkali verbs can become extremely long, including auxiliary verbs, particles, and such. For example, in the sentence ['''placeholder'''], ['''placeholder]''' is the verbal phrase.

=== Isan/etz/ezatz ===

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=== Conjugation ===

Azkali verbs fall into one of three different conjugation paradigms: these are almost universally referred to as ''declension-groups'' in Azkali grammars (though 1, 2, and 3 conjugations are sometimes used).

Azkali verbs fall into one of three different conjugation paradigms: these are almost universally referred to as ''declension-groups'' in Azkali grammars (though 1, 2, and 3 conjugations are sometimes used). The finite forms of all Azkali verbs varies widely between the three declension groups. Essentially all non-finite forms of verbs (with a few isolated exceptions) are identical to eachother, however.

==== First declension group ====

Between 5 and 8 Azkali verbs fall into the first declension group. These constitute some of the most regularly used Azkali verbs. The exact number of verbs that fall into the first declension group is disputed, however five extremely common verbs, being ''isan, esan, hian, eikan,'' and ''rei -'' being ''to be, to eat, to speak, to drink,'' and ''to sleep'' respectively. Unlike most verbs, which fall into the second and third declension groups, verbs that fall under the first declension group face full marking regarding tense and mood. The patterns in the first declension group have been long debated. In the past (i.e between the 1800s and 1980s), first declension group verbs were somewhat more regular. However, due to [[1980 Azkali Plague|the plague]], these forms have became extremely irregular, with few if any patterns between individual forms.

The most irregular verb that falls under the first declension group is ''isan'' - to be. As described in the above chapters, this verb is extremely irregular, far more so than any other verb that falls under the first declension group.

The most irregular verb that falls under the first declension group is ''isan'' - to be. As described in the above chapters, this verb is extremely irregular, far more so than any other verb that falls under the first declension group. The following chart shows all possible finite conjugations for ''isan.'' The two defaults forms of to be - isan and etz - are not bolded. In order to negate isan, the vowel at the start of the stem is changed to <o> (eg. oz /ɤs̻/ - meaning they are not).

{| class="wikitable"

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! colspan="3" |Singular

! rowspan="2" |Plural

|-

!1st Person

!2nd Person

!3rd Person

|-

! rowspan="4" |'''Indicative'''

!Far past

|e'''zatz'''

|etz'''ot'''

|etz'''etoi'''

|etz'''etiz'''

|-

!Past

|etz

|etz'''at'''

|etz'''atoi'''

|etz'''atiz'''

|-

!Non past

|isan

|i'''tan'''

|i'''lis'''

|i'''z'''

|-

!(Future)

|isa'''m'''

|i'''tam'''

|isa'''lam'''

|i'''zam'''

|-

! rowspan="3" |'''Conditional'''

!Far past

|'''nak''' etz'''kol'''

|'''nak''' etz'''upol'''

|'''nak''' etz'''urol'''

|'''nak''' e'''sahi'''

|-

!Past

|'''nak''' etz'''kal'''

|'''nak''' etz'''ahoak'''

|'''nak''' etz'''araul'''

|'''nak''' etz'''ika'''

|-

!Non past

|'''nak''' isa'''kel'''

|'''nak''' isa'''pel'''

|'''nak''' is'''urel'''

|'''nak''' is'''ihe'''

|-

! rowspan="2" |'''Imperative'''

!Hard

! rowspan="2" |Ø

|isan

| colspan="2" |isan'''is'''

|-

!Soft

|isan'''oth'''

|isan'''izz'''

|isan'''iss'''

|}

A chart that describes all possible affixes that first declension group verbs take is unfeasible, due to the irregularity. As such, this section will not show the forms in the 4-7 other verbs that are a part of the first declension group. Verbs that fall under the first declension group are by far the most tedious to learn for an Azkali learner, due to the widespread irregularity in their forms.

==== Second declension group ====

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Line 1,001:

| colspan="3" |giesu'''lomu'''

|}

The table that describes all possible affixes for second declension group verbs is shown below, including non-finite forms. Note how conditional verbs have the exact same markings as their indicative counterparts, with the addition of a particle '''nak''' before the verb.

The table that describes all possible affixes for second declension group verbs is shown below, including non-finite forms. Note how conditional verbs have the exact same markings as their indicative counterparts, with the addition of a particle '''nak''' before the verb. Some minor irregularities and incongruities between marking are present - e.g. the prescence of n in the past and far past forms of indicative verbs, and the prescence of p in non-past indicative verbs - however. Despite this, these forms are by far the easiest for an Azkali learner to learn.

{| class="wikitable"

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

@@ Line 548: / Line 548: @@
 In Azkali, nouns are marked for any of 6 noun cases. Generally, they follow these forms (using the word ''Eche'' - house as an example). In the past, Azkali used ''many'' more cases, but nowadays (except in the Turruist Azkali register) only these main 6 are used. The following chart is a table showing the "nuclear forms" of Azkali cases. These can occasionally change their forms, though most often via the addition of a vowel to eliminate consonant clusters.
-The dative case can also be used as the '''possessee case'''; the two are entangled in a single affix. Some grammars and linguists disagree with the entaglement, but this article will treat them as one affix.
+The dative case can also be used as the '''possessee case'''; the two are entangled in a single affix. This is a unique feature of the Otzeipao and Turku Azkali dialect, being seen infrequently (if at all) in other dialects.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+
@@ Line 593: / Line 593: @@
 |from the house
 |}
-The '''nominative case''' is used to mark the subject of a verb. The '''accusative case''' is used to mark the patient of the verb. The '''possessive case''' is used to mark direct ownership. The '''dative case''', also used as the '''possessee case''', marks the recipient of the verb and the object of which is possessed by the noun that is marked with the possessive case. The '''privative case''' is used to mark the lack of the possession of the marked noun. The '''ablative case''' is used to mark movement away from the noun.
+The '''nominative case''' is used to mark the subject of a verb. The '''accusative case''' is used to mark the patient of the verb. The '''possessive case''' is used to mark direct ownership. The '''dative case''', also used as the '''possessee case''' sometimes, marks the recipient of the verb and the object of which is possessed by the noun that is marked with the possessive case. The '''privative case''' is used to mark the lack of the possession of the marked noun. The '''ablative case''' is used to mark movement away from the noun.
 ====== Extended Cases ======
 ''See Main article: [[Turruist Azkali grammar]]''
-In Turruist Azkali, there are approximately 27 cases that nouns decline for. The following chart is a non-exhaustive list of the case forms used in Turruist Azkali (there are several more cases that are either rarely used, or dialectal - e.g. between different temples)
+In Turruist Azkali, there are approximately 27 cases that nouns decline for. The enormous amount of cases that Turruist Azkali commonly uses appears to be an evolution of a remnant of Ancient Azkali: evidence shows that during the estimated founding of Turruism, Azkali used around 20 noun cases. This has been heavily condensed in Modern Azkali, but was kept in Turruist Azkali in liturgy. The following chart is a non-exhaustive list of the case forms used in Turruist Azkali (there are several more cases that are either rarely used, or dialectal - e.g. between different temples). A more in depth analysis of these may be found on the Turruist Azkali grammar page.
 {| class="wikitable"
 !Name
@@ Line 821: / Line 821: @@
 Azkali verbs, unlike nouns, are more fusional than nouns, of which are decisively agglutinative. As shown in the chart in '''Theory''', verbs take direct marking for tense, mood, and voice, with evidentiality being conveyed via auxiliary verbs and or particles (tense and mood are conveyed in the same particle). Azkali verbs are only required to take the affixes for tense and mood; marking for voice and evidentiality are not required, though they are still commonly expressed in everyday parlance. While this section will provide a general overview of how Azkali verbs conjugate, a more in-depth article [[Azkali verbs|is linked]].
-The verb is generally the most irregular part of speech in Azkali.
+The verb is generally the most irregular part of speech in Azkali. It usually takes the most amount of marking in a sentence. As a result of the various types of features verbs conjugate for, Azkali verbs can become extremely long, including auxiliary verbs, particles, and such. For example, in the sentence ['''placeholder'''], ['''placeholder]''' is the verbal phrase.
 === Isan/etz/ezatz ===
@@ Line 831: / Line 831: @@
 === Conjugation ===
-Azkali verbs fall into one of three different conjugation paradigms: these are almost universally referred to as ''declension-groups'' in Azkali grammars (though 1, 2, and 3 conjugations are sometimes used).
+Azkali verbs fall into one of three different conjugation paradigms: these are almost universally referred to as ''declension-groups'' in Azkali grammars (though 1, 2, and 3 conjugations are sometimes used). The finite forms of all Azkali verbs varies widely between the three declension groups. Essentially all non-finite forms of verbs (with a few isolated exceptions) are identical to eachother, however.
 ==== First declension group ====
 Between 5 and 8 Azkali verbs fall into the first declension group. These constitute some of the most regularly used Azkali verbs. The exact number of verbs that fall into the first declension group is disputed, however five extremely common verbs, being ''isan, esan, hian, eikan,'' and ''rei -'' being ''to be, to eat, to speak, to drink,'' and ''to sleep'' respectively. Unlike most verbs, which fall into the second and third declension groups, verbs that fall under the first declension group face full marking regarding tense and mood.  The patterns in the first declension group have been long debated. In the past (i.e between the 1800s and 1980s), first declension group verbs were somewhat more regular. However, due to [[1980 Azkali Plague|the plague]], these forms have became extremely irregular, with few if any patterns between individual forms.
-The most irregular verb that falls under the first declension group is ''isan'' - to be. As described in the above chapters, this verb is extremely irregular, far more so than any other verb that falls under the first declension group.
+The most irregular verb that falls under the first declension group is ''isan'' - to be. As described in the above chapters, this verb is extremely irregular, far more so than any other verb that falls under the first declension group. The following chart shows all possible finite conjugations for ''isan.'' The two defaults forms of to be - isan and etz - are not bolded. In order to negate isan, the vowel at the start of the stem is changed to <o> (eg. oz /ɤs̻/ - meaning they are not).
+{| class="wikitable"
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
+! colspan="3" |Singular
+! rowspan="2" |Plural
+|-
+!1st Person
+!2nd Person
+!3rd Person
+|-
+! rowspan="4" |'''Indicative'''
+!Far past
+|e'''zatz'''
+|etz'''ot'''
+|etz'''etoi'''
+|etz'''etiz'''
+|-
+!Past
+|etz
+|etz'''at'''
+|etz'''atoi'''
+|etz'''atiz'''
+|-
+!Non past
+|isan
+|i'''tan'''
+|i'''lis'''
+|i'''z'''
+|-
+!(Future)
+|isa'''m'''
+|i'''tam'''
+|isa'''lam'''
+|i'''zam'''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" |'''Conditional'''
+!Far past
+|'''nak''' etz'''kol'''
+|'''nak''' etz'''upol'''
+|'''nak''' etz'''urol'''
+|'''nak''' e'''sahi'''
+|-
+!Past
+|'''nak''' etz'''kal'''
+|'''nak''' etz'''ahoak'''
+|'''nak''' etz'''araul'''
+|'''nak''' etz'''ika'''
+|-
+!Non past
+|'''nak''' isa'''kel'''
+|'''nak''' isa'''pel'''
+|'''nak''' is'''urel'''
+|'''nak''' is'''ihe'''
+|-
+! rowspan="2" |'''Imperative'''
+!Hard
+! rowspan="2" |Ø
+|isan
+| colspan="2" |isan'''is'''
+|-
+!Soft
+|isan'''oth'''
+|isan'''izz'''
+|isan'''iss'''
+|}
+A chart that describes all possible affixes that first declension group verbs take is unfeasible, due to the irregularity. As such, this section will not show the forms in the 4-7 other verbs that are a part of the first declension group. Verbs that fall under the first declension group are by far the most tedious to learn for an Azkali learner, due to the widespread irregularity in their forms.
 ==== Second declension group ====
@@ Line 936: / Line 1,001: @@
 | colspan="3" |giesu'''lomu'''
 |}
-The table that describes all possible affixes for second declension group verbs is shown below, including non-finite forms. Note how conditional verbs have the exact same markings as their indicative counterparts, with the addition of a particle '''nak''' before the verb.
+The table that describes all possible affixes for second declension group verbs is shown below, including non-finite forms. Note how conditional verbs have the exact same markings as their indicative counterparts, with the addition of a particle '''nak''' before the verb. Some minor irregularities and incongruities between marking are present - e.g. the prescence of n in the past and far past forms of indicative verbs, and the prescence of p in non-past indicative verbs - however. Despite this, these forms are by far the easiest for an Azkali learner to learn.
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |