Azkali language: Difference between revisions

Line 288:

== Grammar ==

Azkali is most often classified as an agglutinative language, though its verbs show a large amount of fusionality. Azkali nouns contain '''two definitenesses''' (Definite, and Indefinite), '''6 cases''' (Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Ablative, Possessive, and Privative), and '''three numbers''' (Singular, Paucal, and Plural). Azkali verbs conjugate for '''three or four tenses''' (the Far Past, Past, and Non Past, with a dialectal future construction), '''3 moods''' (Indicative, Conditional, and the Imperative~~), and '''11 aspects''' (Perfective, Momentane, Perfect, Prospective, Imperfective, Habitual, Progressive, Stative, Gnomic, Inchoative, and Iterative,~~). Azkali verbs also contain 2 participle forms (Past and Present), the gerund, and the agentive.

Azkali is most often classified as an agglutinative language, though its verbs show a large amount of fusionality. Azkali nouns contain '''two definitenesses''' (Definite, and Indefinite), '''6 cases''' (Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Ablative, Possessive, and Privative), and '''three numbers''' (Singular, Paucal, and Plural). Azkali verbs conjugate for '''three or four tenses''' (the Far Past, Past, and Non Past, with a dialectal future construction) and '''3 moods''' (Indicative, Conditional, and the Imperative). Azkali verbs also contain 2 participle forms (Past and Present), the gerund, and the agentive.

Due to the relatively large amount of marking that words can take in Azkali, particularly in verbs and nouns in the Turruist register of Azkali, the word order of Azkali has gradually become relatively free. Most sentences tend to roughly follow a SVO word order pattern, however the tendency to follow a strict word order has eroded. This is a fairly novel construct, only being attested around the mid 1800s; speech following a strict SVO pattern is thus often considered traditional, or old fashioned. Relatively strict word orders are also seen in certain dialects, particularly those of which are influenced by [[Oikan]].

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{| class="wikitable"

|+Azkali verb template

!A

~~! rowspan="2" |~~

!1

!2

!3

! rowspan="2" |

! ~~colspan="2" |B~~

!A1

!A2

|-

~~|[Aspect]~~

|'''Verb stem'''

|Tense, Mood

Line 818:

Line 816:

There are two main articles in Azkali that are used - being the definite and indefinite articles respectively. The indefinite article is usually not marked, and is treated as the default article. If clarification is needed, a particle '''than''' is inserted. The definite article is marked via a circumfix '''a- (...) -(n)a'''. [[Baphian language|Baphian]] marks definiteness via a suffix -na, which is almost certainly believed to be derived from the Azkali definite article.

=== Verbs ===

== Verbs ==

Azkali verbs, unlike nouns, are more fusional than nouns, of which are decisively agglutinative. As shown in the chart in '''Theory''', verbs take direct marking for tense, mood, and voice, with ~~aspect and~~ evidentiality being conveyed via auxiliary verbs and or particles (tense and mood are conveyed in the same particle). Azkali verbs are only required to take the affixes for tense and mood; marking for voice~~, aspect,~~ and evidentiality are not required, though they are still commonly expressed in everyday parlance.

''See main article: [[Azkali verbs]]''

Azkali verbs, unlike nouns, are more fusional than nouns, of which are decisively agglutinative. As shown in the chart in '''Theory''', verbs take direct marking for tense, mood, and voice, with evidentiality being conveyed via auxiliary verbs and or particles (tense and mood are conveyed in the same particle). Azkali verbs are only required to take the affixes for tense and mood; marking for voice and evidentiality are not required, though they are still commonly expressed in everyday parlance. While this section will provide a general overview of how Azkali verbs conjugate, a more in-depth article [[Azkali verbs|is linked]].

==== Isan/etz/ezatz ====

=== Isan/etz/ezatz ===

In the first person, there are three main forms of the verb ''to be'' in Azkali. They are '''isan''', used for non-past contexts - '''etz''', used for past contexts - and '''ezatz''', used for far past contexts. In some cases (only in the first person), these three forms are used in contexts of which do not match up with their tense. This irregularity is one of the most difficult aspects of the language for new speakers to learn, and often times native speakers have trouble with differentiating between the three forms.

===== ~~Nuance~~ =====

==== Nuance ====

==== Constructions requiring either isan, etz, or ezatz ====

===== ~~Constructions requiring either isan~~, ~~etz~~, ~~or ezatz =====~~

=== Conjugation ===

Azkali verbs fall into one of three different conjugation paradigms: these are almost universally referred to as ''declension-groups'' in Azkali grammars (though 1, 2, and 3 conjugations are sometimes used).

==== First declension group ====

==== Second declension group ====

The vast majority of Azkali verbs fall into the second declension group. Verbs that fall into the second declension group are far more regular than ones that fall into the first and third declension groups, having been simplified in common parlance post-plague. Verbs that fall into the second declension group constitute by number the largest amount of Azkali verbs. The nonfinite forms for second declension group verbs are identical to first declension group verbs.

~~==== Third~~ declension group ~~====~~

The following chart can show the finite conjugations for verbs in the second declension group, using the verb ''reikil'' (to die) as an example:

~~==== Aspect ====~~

~~Aspect is one of the most extensive elements of Azkali verbs. As previously stated~~, ~~Azkali verbs decline for 11 aspects - however, a majority of them are infrequently used or only used in formal contexts. Most Azkali grammars usually classify aspect into two parts:~~ the ''~~'nuclear aspects''' and '''outer aspects'~~''~~. The following chart shows which are considered nuclear aspects and which are considered outer aspects~~:

{| class="wikitable"

|+~~Aspects~~

|+

!~~Nuclear~~

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! colspan="3" |Singular

! rowspan="2" |Plural

|-

~~|Perfective~~

!1st Person

!2nd Person

!3rd Person

|-

|~~Momentane~~

! rowspan="4" |'''Indicative'''

!Far past

| colspan="2" |reikil'''otz'''

| colspan="2" |reikil'''etso'''

|-

|~~Perfect~~

!Past

| colspan="2" |reikil'''och'''

| colspan="2" |reikil'''echo'''

|-

|~~Prospective~~

!Non past

| colspan="2" |reikil

| colspan="2" |reikil'''ut'''

|-

!~~Outer~~

!(Future)

| colspan="4" |reikil'''em'''

|-

|~~Imperfective~~

! rowspan="3" |'''Condtional'''

!Far past

| colspan="2" |'''nak''' reikil'''otz'''

| colspan="2" |'''nak''' reikil'''etso'''

|-

|~~Gnomic~~

!Past

| colspan="2" |'''nak''' reikil'''och'''

| colspan="2" |'''nak''' reikil'''echo'''

|-

|~~Habitual~~

!Non past

| colspan="2" |'''nak''' reikil

| colspan="2" |'''nak''' reikil'''ut'''

|-

|~~Progressive~~

! rowspan="2" |'''Imperative'''

!Hard

! rowspan="2" |Ø

| colspan="3" |reikil'''aru'''

|-

|~~Stative~~

!Soft

| colspan="3" |reikil'''omu'''

|}

Verbs that end with a vowel take somewhat different forms to avoid double vowels; they are usually treated as different realizations of the same affixes. An exception to this is the suffix '''-netsea''', contrasting with '''-etso''' for vowels with a consonant at the end. The following chart shows the conjugation for the verb ''giesu'' (to forget) as an example of this:

{| class="wikitable"

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! colspan="3" |Singular

! rowspan="2" |Plural

|-

~~|Inchoative~~

!1st Person

!2nd Person

!3rd Person

|-

|~~Iterative~~

! rowspan="4" |'''Indicative'''

!Far past

| colspan="2" |giesu'''notz'''

| colspan="2" |giesu'''netsea'''

|-

!Past

| colspan="2" |giesu'''noch'''

| colspan="2" |giesu'''necho'''

|-

!Non past

| colspan="2" |giesu

| colspan="2" |giesu'''put'''

|-

!(Future)

| colspan="4" |giesu'''nem'''

|-

! rowspan="3" |'''Condtional'''

!Far past

| colspan="2" |'''nak''' giesu'''notz'''

|-

!Past

| colspan="2" |'''nak''' giesu'''noch'''

| colspan="2" |'''nak''' giesu'''necho'''

|-

!Non past

| colspan="2" |'''nak''' giesu

| colspan="2" |'''nak''' giesu'''put'''

|-

! rowspan="2" |'''Imperative'''

!Hard

! rowspan="2" |Ø

| colspan="3" |giesu'''laru'''

|-

!Soft

| colspan="3" |giesu'''lomu'''

|}

~~In Azkali, aspects are universally expressed via particles that are placed after the verb in question. Aspect particles are required to match the first phoneme~~ of ~~the verb of which they belong to. Aspects also change depending on the tense of the verb.~~

==== Third declension group ====

==== Lack of aspect ====

=== Irregular verbs ===

== Syntax ==

@@ Line 288: / Line 288: @@
 == Grammar ==
-Azkali is most often classified as an agglutinative language, though its verbs show a large amount of fusionality. Azkali nouns contain '''two definitenesses''' (Definite, and Indefinite), '''6 cases''' (Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Ablative, Possessive, and Privative), and '''three numbers''' (Singular, Paucal, and Plural). Azkali verbs conjugate for '''three or four tenses''' (the Far Past, Past, and Non Past, with a dialectal future construction), '''3 moods''' (Indicative, Conditional, and the Imperative), and '''11 aspects''' (Perfective, Momentane, Perfect, Prospective, Imperfective, Habitual, Progressive, Stative, Gnomic, Inchoative, and Iterative,). Azkali verbs also contain 2 participle forms (Past and Present), the gerund, and the agentive.
+Azkali is most often classified as an agglutinative language, though its verbs show a large amount of fusionality. Azkali nouns contain '''two definitenesses''' (Definite, and Indefinite), '''6 cases''' (Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Ablative, Possessive, and Privative), and '''three numbers''' (Singular, Paucal, and Plural). Azkali verbs conjugate for '''three or four tenses''' (the Far Past, Past, and Non Past, with a dialectal future construction) and '''3 moods''' (Indicative, Conditional, and the Imperative). Azkali verbs also contain 2 participle forms (Past and Present), the gerund, and the agentive.
 Due to the relatively large amount of marking that words can take in Azkali, particularly in verbs and nouns in the Turruist register of Azkali, the word order of Azkali has gradually become relatively free. Most sentences tend to roughly follow a SVO word order pattern, however the tendency to follow a strict word order has eroded. This is a fairly novel construct, only being attested around the mid 1800s; speech following a strict SVO pattern is thus often considered traditional, or old fashioned. Relatively strict word orders are also seen in certain dialects, particularly those of which are influenced by [[Oikan]].
@@ Line 531: / Line 531: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+Azkali verb template
-!A
-! rowspan="2" |
 !1
 !2
 !3
 ! rowspan="2" |
-! colspan="2" |B
+!A1
+!A2
 |-
-|[Aspect]
 |'''Verb stem'''
 |Tense, Mood
@@ Line 818: / Line 816: @@
 There are two main articles in Azkali that are used - being the definite and indefinite articles respectively. The indefinite article is usually not marked, and is treated as the default article. If clarification is needed, a particle '''than''' is inserted. The definite article is marked via a circumfix '''a- (...) -(n)a'''. [[Baphian language|Baphian]] marks definiteness via a suffix -na, which is almost certainly believed to be derived from the Azkali definite article.
-=== Verbs ===
+== Verbs ==
-Azkali verbs, unlike nouns, are more fusional than nouns, of which are decisively agglutinative. As shown in the chart in '''Theory''', verbs take direct marking for tense, mood, and voice, with aspect and evidentiality being conveyed via auxiliary verbs and or particles (tense and mood are conveyed in the same particle). Azkali verbs are only required to take the affixes for tense and mood; marking for voice, aspect, and evidentiality are not required, though they are still commonly expressed in everyday parlance.
+''See main article: [[Azkali verbs]]''
+Azkali verbs, unlike nouns, are more fusional than nouns, of which are decisively agglutinative. As shown in the chart in '''Theory''', verbs take direct marking for tense, mood, and voice, with evidentiality being conveyed via auxiliary verbs and or particles (tense and mood are conveyed in the same particle). Azkali verbs are only required to take the affixes for tense and mood; marking for voice and evidentiality are not required, though they are still commonly expressed in everyday parlance. While this section will provide a general overview of how Azkali verbs conjugate, a more in-depth article [[Azkali verbs|is linked]].
-==== Isan/etz/ezatz ====
+=== Isan/etz/ezatz ===
 In the first person, there are three main forms of the verb ''to be'' in Azkali. They are '''isan''', used for non-past contexts - '''etz''', used for past contexts - and '''ezatz''', used for far past contexts. In some cases (only in the first person), these three forms are used in contexts of which do not match up with their tense. This irregularity is one of the most difficult aspects of the language for new speakers to learn, and often times native speakers have trouble with differentiating between the three forms.
-===== Nuance =====
+==== Nuance ====
+==== Constructions requiring either isan, etz, or ezatz ====
-===== Constructions requiring either isan, etz, or ezatz =====
+=== Conjugation ===
+Azkali verbs fall into one of three different conjugation paradigms: these are almost universally referred to as ''declension-groups'' in Azkali grammars (though 1, 2, and 3 conjugations are sometimes used).
 ==== First declension group ====
 ==== Second declension group ====
+The vast majority of Azkali verbs fall into the second declension group. Verbs that fall into the second declension group are far more regular than ones that fall into the first and third declension groups, having been simplified in common parlance post-plague. Verbs that fall into the second declension group constitute by number the largest amount of Azkali verbs. The nonfinite forms for second declension group verbs are identical to first declension group verbs.
-==== Third declension group ====
+The following chart can show the finite conjugations for verbs in the second declension group, using the verb ''reikil'' (to die) as an example:
-==== Aspect ====
-Aspect is one of the most extensive elements of Azkali verbs. As previously stated, Azkali verbs decline for 11 aspects - however, a majority of them are infrequently used or only used in formal contexts. Most Azkali grammars usually classify aspect into two parts: the '''nuclear aspects''' and '''outer aspects'''. The following chart shows which are considered nuclear aspects and which are considered outer aspects:
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+Aspects
+|+
-!Nuclear
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
+! colspan="3" |Singular
+! rowspan="2" |Plural
 |-
-|Perfective
+!1st Person
+!2nd Person
+!3rd Person
 |-
-|Momentane
+! rowspan="4" |'''Indicative'''
+!Far past
+| colspan="2" |reikil'''otz'''
+| colspan="2" |reikil'''etso'''
 |-
-|Perfect
+!Past
+| colspan="2" |reikil'''och'''
+| colspan="2" |reikil'''echo'''
 |-
-|Prospective
+!Non past
+| colspan="2" |reikil
+| colspan="2" |reikil'''ut'''
 |-
-!Outer
+!(Future)
+| colspan="4" |reikil'''em'''
 |-
-|Imperfective
+! rowspan="3" |'''Condtional'''
+!Far past
+| colspan="2" |'''nak''' reikil'''otz'''
+| colspan="2" |'''nak''' reikil'''etso'''
 |-
-|Gnomic
+!Past
+| colspan="2" |'''nak''' reikil'''och'''
+| colspan="2" |'''nak''' reikil'''echo'''
 |-
-|Habitual
+!Non past
+| colspan="2" |'''nak''' reikil
+| colspan="2" |'''nak''' reikil'''ut'''
 |-
-|Progressive
+! rowspan="2" |'''Imperative'''
+!Hard
+! rowspan="2" |Ø
+| colspan="3" |reikil'''aru'''
 |-
-|Stative
+!Soft
+| colspan="3" |reikil'''omu'''
+|}
+Verbs that end with a vowel take somewhat different forms to avoid double vowels; they are usually treated as different realizations of the same affixes. An exception to this is the suffix '''-netsea''', contrasting with '''-etso''' for vowels with a consonant at the end. The following chart shows the conjugation for the verb ''giesu'' (to forget) as an example of this:
+{| class="wikitable"
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
+! colspan="3" |Singular
+! rowspan="2" |Plural
 |-
-|Inchoative
+!1st Person
+!2nd Person
+!3rd Person
 |-
-|Iterative
+! rowspan="4" |'''Indicative'''
+!Far past
+| colspan="2" |giesu'''notz'''
+| colspan="2" |giesu'''netsea'''
+|-
+!Past
+| colspan="2" |giesu'''noch'''
+| colspan="2" |giesu'''necho'''
+|-
+!Non past
+| colspan="2" |giesu
+| colspan="2" |giesu'''put'''
+|-
+!(Future)
+| colspan="4" |giesu'''nem'''
+|-
+! rowspan="3" |'''Condtional'''
+!Far past
+| colspan="2" |'''nak''' giesu'''notz'''
+| colspan="2" |'''nak''' giesu'''notz'''
+|-
+!Past
+| colspan="2" |'''nak''' giesu'''noch'''
+| colspan="2" |'''nak''' giesu'''necho'''
+|-
+!Non past
+| colspan="2" |'''nak''' giesu
+| colspan="2" |'''nak''' giesu'''put'''
+|-
+! rowspan="2" |'''Imperative'''
+!Hard
+! rowspan="2" |Ø
+| colspan="3" |giesu'''laru'''
+|-
+!Soft
+| colspan="3" |giesu'''lomu'''
 |}
-In Azkali, aspects are universally expressed via particles that are placed after the verb in question. Aspect particles are required to match the first phoneme of the verb of which they belong to. Aspects also change depending on the tense of the verb.
+==== Third declension group ====
+==== Lack of aspect ====
+=== Irregular verbs ===
 == Syntax ==