Library of Turku

Azkali language: Difference between revisions

← Older editNewer edit →
imported>Photosynthesis bisectors
VisualWikitext
imported>Photosynthesis bisectors
imported>Photosynthesis bisectors
Line 119: Line 119:


==== Allophony ====
==== Allophony ====
==== Mutated vowels ====
As a result of mutation, vowels often shift their pronunciation. The chart below shows their mutated forms:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Ordinary
!Mutated
|-
|i
|ʊ
|-
|u
|ɔ
|-
|e
|ɐ
|-
|ɤ
|ɑ
|-
|ɛ
|ʏ
|-
|ɔ
|ɛ
|-
| colspan="2" |a<ref>In most Azkali dialects, /a/ is resistant to mutation. However, some dialects change /a/ to /ə/.</ref>
|}


=== Consonants ===
=== Consonants ===
Line 153: Line 125:
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |'''[[W:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]'''
! rowspan="2" |'''[[W:Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]'''
! colspan="3" |'''[[W:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]'''
! colspan="2" |'''[[W:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]'''
! rowspan="2" |'''[[W:Dental consonant|Dental]]'''
! rowspan="2" |'''[[W:Dental consonant|Dental]]'''
! rowspan="2" |'''[[W:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]'''
! rowspan="2" |'''[[W:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]'''
Line 161: Line 133:
![[W:Laminal consonant|Lamino-dental]]
![[W:Laminal consonant|Lamino-dental]]
![[W:Apical consonant|Apico-alveolar]]
![[W:Apical consonant|Apico-alveolar]]
!'''[[W:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]'''
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |'''[[W:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]'''
! colspan="2" |'''[[W:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]'''
Line 167: Line 138:
|
|
|n
|n
|
|
|
|ɲ
|ɲ
Line 176: Line 146:
|p
|p
|t
|t
|
|
|
|
|
Line 187: Line 156:
|t̪s̻
|t̪s̻
|t̺s̺  
|t̺s̺  
|tɬ
|
|
|ʃ
|ʃ
Line 198: Line 166:
|s̻
|s̻
|s̺
|s̺
|
|θ
|θ
|t͡ʃ
|t͡ʃ
|
|
|h
| rowspan="2" |h
|-
|-
!'''Voiced'''
!'''Voiced'''
Line 208: Line 175:
|z̻
|z̻
|z̺
|z̺
|
|ð
|ð
|d͡ʒ
|d͡ʒ
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |'''[[W:Approximant|Approximant]]'''
! colspan="2" |'''[[W:Approximant|Approximant]]'''
|
|
| colspan="2" |ɹ̠ʷ
|ɹ̠ʷ
|l
|l
|
|
Line 227: Line 192:
|
|
|ɾ
|ɾ
|
|
|
|
|
Line 328: Line 292:
Due to the relatively large amount of marking that words can take in Azkali, particularly in verbs and nouns in the Turruist register of Azkali, the word order of Azkali has gradually become relatively free. Most sentences tend to roughly follow a SVO word order pattern, however the tendency to follow a strict word order has eroded. This is a fairly novel construct, only being attested around the mid 1800s; speech following a strict SVO pattern is thus often considered traditional, or old fashioned. Relatively strict word orders are also seen in certain dialects, particularly those of which are influenced by [[Oikan]].
Due to the relatively large amount of marking that words can take in Azkali, particularly in verbs and nouns in the Turruist register of Azkali, the word order of Azkali has gradually become relatively free. Most sentences tend to roughly follow a SVO word order pattern, however the tendency to follow a strict word order has eroded. This is a fairly novel construct, only being attested around the mid 1800s; speech following a strict SVO pattern is thus often considered traditional, or old fashioned. Relatively strict word orders are also seen in certain dialects, particularly those of which are influenced by [[Oikan]].


Another novel construct in Azkali is the prescence of consonant and vowel mutation. The prescence of mutation in Azkali is extremely new, only being attested around the upheavel of the warlord era of Azkali. This change occured within a generation, and thus was followed closely by linguists across the world as it evolved (see: ''[[Evolution of Azkali grammatical mutation]]''). Although not always used to convey grammatical functions, it is nonetheless one of the most important aspects of Azkali's grammar. Oftentimes, mutation can differentiate two (or more, even) completely identical sentences. There are three different types of mutation, of which are described in it's corresponding section. Mutation is oftentimes one of the hardest aspects of Azkali grammar to learn, due to the precise cases of which each type of mutation appears in, and the irregularity in how mutation affects the meaning and pronunciation of whole words and sentences.
Another novel construct in Azkali is the prescence of consonant and vowel mutation. The prescence of mutation in Azkali is extremely new, only being attested around the upheavel of the warlord era of Azkali. This change occured within a generation, and thus was followed closely by linguists across the world as it evolved (see: ''[[Evolution of Azkali grammatical mutation]]''). Although not always used to convey grammatical functions, it is nonetheless one of the most important aspects of Azkali's grammar. Oftentimes, mutation can differentiate two (or more, even) completely identical sentences. There are three different types of mutation, of which are described in it's corresponding section. Mutation is oftentimes one of the hardest aspects of Azkali grammar to learn, due to the precise cases of which each type of mutation appears in, and the irregularity in how mutation affects the meaning and pronunciation of whole words and sentences.


Azkali grammar is notably different from other languages in Ukilen. However, due to extensive contact with languages such as [[Oikan]] and [[Baphian language|Baphian]], Azkali's grammar shares some notable features with them. In the past, and continuing on up until around the 1980s, Azkali grammar was far more irregular and was more differentiated from languages in Ukilen.
Azkali grammar is notably different from other languages in Ukilen. However, due to extensive contact with languages such as [[Oikan]] and [[Baphian language|Baphian]], Azkali's grammar shares some notable features with them. In the past, and continuing on up until around the 1980s, Azkali grammar was far more irregular and was more differentiated from languages in Ukilen.
Line 546: Line 510:


==== Theory ====
==== Theory ====
The following table can describe any Azkali noun's structure, with all possible grammatical affixes and particles:
The following table can describe any Azkali noun's structure, with all possible grammatical affixes and particles. It does account for other possible affixes, such as for derivational purposes.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Azkali noun template
|+Azkali noun template
Line 558: Line 522:
!4
!4
|-
|-
|(Indefinite article particle)
|[Indefinite article]
|(Definite article)
|[Definite article]
|Specificity
|[Specificity]
|'''Noun stem'''
|'''Noun stem'''
|Case
|Case
|(Definite article)
|[Definite article]
|Number
|[Number]
|}
|}
And the following table can describe any Azkali verb's structure, of which includes auxiliary verbs, particles, etc:
And the following table can describe any Azkali verb's structure, of which includes auxiliary verbs, particles, etc:
Line 574: Line 538:
!2
!2
!3
!3
!4
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |B
! colspan="2" |B
|-
|-
|(Aspect)
|[Aspect]
|Tense
|'''Verb stem'''
|'''Verb stem'''
|Mood
|Tense, Mood
|Voice
|[Voice]
|(Conditional mood aux. verb)
|[Conditional mood auxiliary verb]
|Evidentiality<ref>Evidentiality is largely dialectal, only being noteworthy via its inclusion in Standard Azkali. In the dialects of which natively include it, it is placed on the conditional mood auxiliary verb - in the case there is none, it acts as a particle.</ref>
|[Evidentiality]
|}
|}


Line 868: Line 830:


=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
Azkali verbs, unlike nouns, are more fusional than nouns, of which are decisively agglutinative. As shown in the chart in '''Theory''', verbs take direct marking for tense, mood, and voice, with aspect and evidentiality being conveyed via auxiliary verbs and or particles.  
Azkali verbs, unlike nouns, are more fusional than nouns, of which are decisively agglutinative. As shown in the chart in '''Theory''', verbs take direct marking for tense, mood, and voice, with aspect and evidentiality being conveyed via auxiliary verbs and or particles (tense and mood are conveyed in the same particle). Azkali verbs are only required to take the affixes for tense and mood; marking for voice, aspect, and evidentiality are not required, though they are still commonly expressed in everyday parlance.  
 
==== Copula ====
 
===== Isan/Etz =====
There are two verb forms meaning ''to be'', ''isan'' and ''etz.'' Generally, ''etz'' is used for both the far past and past tenses, whilst ''isan'' is used for the non past (and future) tense(s). Despite the distinction of tense, both can be used in contexts of which do not match up with their tense.
 
====== Nuance ======
Like every other language, ''isan'' and ''etz'' are the most irregular verbs in Azkali; by itself, the verb ''to be'' can have 33 different forms - including nonfinite conjugations, there are 37 different forms.


===== Constructions requiring isan =====
==== Isan/etz/ezatz ====
In the first person, there are three main forms of the verb ''to be'' in Azkali. They are '''isan''', used for non-past contexts - '''etz''', used for past contexts - and '''ezatz''', used for far past contexts. In some cases (only in the first person), these three forms are used in contexts of which do not match up with their tense. This irregularity is one of the most difficult aspects of the language for new speakers to learn, and often times native speakers have trouble with differentiating between the three forms.


===== Constructions requiring etz =====
===== Nuance =====


====== Exceptions ======
===== Constructions requiring either isan, etz, or ezatz =====


==== Conjugation ====
==== First declension group ====


===== Tense =====
==== Second declension group ====


===== Mood =====
==== Third declension group ====


==== Aspect ====
==== Aspect ====
Line 920: Line 875:
|Iterative
|Iterative
|}
|}
In Azkali, aspects are universally expressed via particles that are placed after the verb in question. Aspect particles are required to match the first phoneme of the verb of which they belong to.
In Azkali, aspects are universally expressed via particles that are placed after the verb in question. Aspect particles are required to match the first phoneme of the verb of which they belong to. Aspects also change depending on the tense of the verb.


== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
Retrieved from "https://lot.icosahedr.online/wiki/Azkali_language"