Azkali language: Difference between revisions

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== Grammar ==

Azkali is ~~a decisively [[W:Agglutinative language|~~agglutinative]] language. Azkali nouns contain '''two definitenesses''' (Definite, and Indefinite), '''6 cases''' (Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Ablative, Possessive, and Privative), and '''three numbers''' (Singular, Paucal, and Plural). Azkali verbs conjugate for '''three or four tenses''' (the Far Past, Past, and Non Past, with a dialectal future construction), '''3 moods''' (Indicative, Conditional, and the Imperative), and '''11 aspects''' (Perfective, Momentane, Perfect, Prospective, Imperfective, Habitual, Progressive, Stative, Gnomic, Inchoative, and Iterative,). Azkali verbs also contain 2 participle forms (Past and Present), the gerund, and the agentive.

Azkali is most often classified as an agglutinative language, though its verbs show a large amount of fusionality. Azkali nouns contain '''two definitenesses''' (Definite, and Indefinite), '''6 cases''' (Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Ablative, Possessive, and Privative), and '''three numbers''' (Singular, Paucal, and Plural). Azkali verbs conjugate for '''three or four tenses''' (the Far Past, Past, and Non Past, with a dialectal future construction), '''3 moods''' (Indicative, Conditional, and the Imperative), and '''11 aspects''' (Perfective, Momentane, Perfect, Prospective, Imperfective, Habitual, Progressive, Stative, Gnomic, Inchoative, and Iterative,). Azkali verbs also contain 2 participle forms (Past and Present), the gerund, and the agentive.

Due to the relatively large amount of marking that words can take in Azkali, particularly in verbs and nouns in the Turruist register of Azkali, the word order of Azkali has gradually become relatively free. Most sentences tend to roughly follow a SVO word order pattern, however the tendency to follow a strict word order has eroded. This is a fairly novel construct, only being attested around the mid 1800s; speech following a strict SVO pattern is often considered traditional, or old fashioned. Relatively strict word orders are also seen in certain dialects, particularly those of which are influenced by [[Oikan]].

Due to the relatively large amount of marking that words can take in Azkali, particularly in verbs and nouns in the Turruist register of Azkali, the word order of Azkali has gradually become relatively free. Most sentences tend to roughly follow a SVO word order pattern, however the tendency to follow a strict word order has eroded. This is a fairly novel construct, only being attested around the mid 1800s; speech following a strict SVO pattern is thus often considered traditional, or old fashioned. Relatively strict word orders are also seen in certain dialects, particularly those of which are influenced by [[Oikan]].

Another novel construct in Azkali is the prescence of consonant and vowel mutation. The prescence of mutation in Azkali is extremely new, only being attested around the upheavel of the warlord era of Azkali. This change occured within a generation, and thus was followed closely by linguists across the world as it evolved (see: ''[[Evolution of Azkali grammatical mutation]]''). Although not always used to convey grammatical functions, it is nonetheless one of the most important aspects of Azkali's grammar. Oftentimes, mutation can differentiate two (or more, even) completely identical sentences. There are three different types of mutation, of which are described in it's corresponding section. Mutation is oftentimes one of the hardest aspects of Azkali grammar to learn, due to the precise cases of which each type of mutation appears in, and the irregularity in how mutation affects the meaning and pronunciation of whole words and sentences.

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=== Nouns ===

==== Theory ====

The following table can describe any Azkali noun's structure, with all possible grammatical affixes:

{| class="wikitable"

|+Azkali noun template

!1A

!1

!2

!3

!1B

!4

|-

|(Definite article)

|Specificity

|'''Noun stem'''

|Case

|(Definite article)

|Number

|}

And the following table can describe any Azkali verb's structure, of which includes auxiliary verbs:

{| class="wikitable"

|+Azkali verb template

!A

! rowspan="2" |

!1

!2

!3

!4

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" |B

|-

|(Aspect)

|Tense

|'''Verb stem'''

|Mood

|Voice

|(Conditional mood aux. verb)

|Evidentiality<ref>Evidentiality is largely dialectal, only being noteworthy via its inclusion in Standard Azkali. In the dialects of which natively include it, it is placed on the conditional mood auxiliary verb - in the case there is none, it acts as a particle.</ref>

|}

==== Noun Case ====

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''See Main article: [[Turruist Azkali grammar]]''

In Turruist Azkali, there are approximately 27 cases that nouns decline for. The following chart is a non-exhaustive list of the case forms used in Turruist Azkali (there are several more cases that are either rarely used, or dialectal - e.g. between different temples).

In Turruist Azkali, there are approximately 27 cases that nouns decline for. The following chart is a non-exhaustive list of the case forms used in Turruist Azkali (there are several more cases that are either rarely used, or dialectal - e.g. between different temples)

{| class="wikitable"

!Name

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There are three grammatical numbers in Azkali. They are the singular, paucal, and plural. Uniquely, pronouns only decline for the singular and plural numbers; paucal groups take the plural marker. The singular number is not marked, being treated as the default number. The paucal number is marked with ''-(a)tz''. The plural number, meanwhile, is usually marked with ''-(e)k.'' All markers are placed at the end of the noun, with all other markings in the noun being placed before the number marking.

The paucal and plural numbers take slightly different forms based on what, if any case precedes them. The table below lists their forms:

The paucal and plural numbers take slightly different forms based on what, if any case precedes them. The table below lists their forms. They take different forms only if the noun they modify is '''indefinite''': in the case they are not (i.e the definite article is present) they take their regular forms.

{| class="wikitable"

|+

|+Indefinite variable forms

!

!Paucal

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=== Verbs ===

Azkali verbs, unlike nouns, are more fusional than nouns, of which are decisively agglutinative.

==== Copula ====

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|-

|Prospective

|-

!Outer

|-

|Imperfective

|-

|Gnomic

|-

~~!Outer~~

|-

|Habitual

@@ Line 318: / Line 318: @@
 == Grammar ==
-Azkali is a decisively [[W:Agglutinative language|agglutinative]] language. Azkali nouns contain '''two definitenesses''' (Definite, and Indefinite), '''6 cases''' (Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Ablative, Possessive, and Privative), and '''three numbers''' (Singular, Paucal, and Plural). Azkali verbs conjugate for '''three or four tenses''' (the Far Past, Past, and Non Past, with a dialectal future construction), '''3 moods''' (Indicative, Conditional, and the Imperative), and '''11 aspects''' (Perfective, Momentane, Perfect, Prospective, Imperfective, Habitual, Progressive, Stative, Gnomic, Inchoative, and Iterative,). Azkali verbs also contain 2 participle forms (Past and Present), the gerund, and the agentive.
+Azkali is most often classified as an agglutinative language, though its verbs show a large amount of fusionality. Azkali nouns contain '''two definitenesses''' (Definite, and Indefinite), '''6 cases''' (Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Ablative, Possessive, and Privative), and '''three numbers''' (Singular, Paucal, and Plural). Azkali verbs conjugate for '''three or four tenses''' (the Far Past, Past, and Non Past, with a dialectal future construction), '''3 moods''' (Indicative, Conditional, and the Imperative), and '''11 aspects''' (Perfective, Momentane, Perfect, Prospective, Imperfective, Habitual, Progressive, Stative, Gnomic, Inchoative, and Iterative,). Azkali verbs also contain 2 participle forms (Past and Present), the gerund, and the agentive.
-Due to the relatively large amount of marking that words can take in Azkali, particularly in verbs and nouns in the Turruist register of Azkali, the word order of Azkali has gradually become relatively free. Most sentences tend to roughly follow a SVO word order pattern, however the tendency to follow a strict word order has eroded. This is a fairly novel construct, only being attested around the mid 1800s; speech following a strict SVO pattern is often considered traditional, or old fashioned. Relatively strict word orders are also seen in certain dialects, particularly those of which are influenced by [[Oikan]].
+Due to the relatively large amount of marking that words can take in Azkali, particularly in verbs and nouns in the Turruist register of Azkali, the word order of Azkali has gradually become relatively free. Most sentences tend to roughly follow a SVO word order pattern, however the tendency to follow a strict word order has eroded. This is a fairly novel construct, only being attested around the mid 1800s; speech following a strict SVO pattern is thus often considered traditional, or old fashioned. Relatively strict word orders are also seen in certain dialects, particularly those of which are influenced by [[Oikan]].
 Another novel construct in Azkali is the prescence of consonant and vowel mutation. The prescence of mutation in Azkali is extremely new, only being attested around the upheavel of the warlord era of Azkali. This change occured within a generation, and thus was followed closely by linguists across the world as it evolved (see: ''[[Evolution of Azkali  grammatical mutation]]''). Although not always used to convey grammatical functions, it is nonetheless one of the most important aspects of Azkali's grammar. Oftentimes, mutation can differentiate two (or more, even) completely identical sentences. There are three different types of mutation, of which are described in it's corresponding section. Mutation is oftentimes one of the hardest aspects of Azkali grammar to learn, due to the precise cases of which each type of mutation appears in, and the irregularity in how mutation affects the meaning and pronunciation of whole words and sentences.
@@ Line 535: / Line 535: @@
 === Nouns ===
+==== Theory ====
+The following table can describe any Azkali noun's structure, with all possible grammatical affixes:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+Azkali noun template
+!1A
+!1
+!2
+!3
+!1B
+!4
+|-
+|(Definite article)
+|Specificity
+|'''Noun stem'''
+|Case
+|(Definite article)
+|Number
+|}
+And the following table can describe any Azkali verb's structure, of which includes auxiliary verbs:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+Azkali verb template
+!A
+! rowspan="2" |
+!1
+!2
+!3
+!4
+! rowspan="2" |
+! colspan="2" |B
+|-
+|(Aspect)
+|Tense
+|'''Verb stem'''
+|Mood
+|Voice
+|(Conditional mood aux. verb)
+|Evidentiality<ref>Evidentiality is largely dialectal, only being noteworthy via its inclusion in Standard Azkali. In the dialects of which natively include it, it is placed on the conditional mood auxiliary verb - in the case there is none, it acts as a particle.</ref>
+|}
 ==== Noun Case ====
@@ Line 598: / Line 637: @@
 ''See Main article: [[Turruist Azkali grammar]]''
-In Turruist Azkali, there are approximately 27 cases that nouns decline for. The following chart is a non-exhaustive list of the case forms used in Turruist Azkali (there are several more cases that are either rarely used, or dialectal - e.g. between different temples).
+In Turruist Azkali, there are approximately 27 cases that nouns decline for. The following chart is a non-exhaustive list of the case forms used in Turruist Azkali (there are several more cases that are either rarely used, or dialectal - e.g. between different temples)
 {| class="wikitable"
 !Name
@@ Line 780: / Line 819: @@
 There are three grammatical numbers in Azkali. They are the singular, paucal, and plural. Uniquely, pronouns only decline for the singular and plural numbers; paucal groups take the plural marker. The singular number is not marked, being treated as the default number. The paucal number is marked with ''-(a)tz''. The plural number, meanwhile, is usually marked with ''-(e)k.'' All markers are placed at the end of the noun, with all other markings in the noun being placed before the number marking.
-The paucal and plural numbers take slightly different forms based on what, if any case precedes them. The table below lists their forms:
+The paucal and plural numbers take slightly different forms based on what, if any case precedes them. The table below lists their forms. They take different forms only if the noun they modify is '''indefinite''': in the case they are not (i.e the definite article is present) they take their regular forms.
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+
+|+Indefinite variable forms
 !
 !Paucal
@@ Line 817: / Line 856: @@
 === Verbs ===
+Azkali verbs, unlike nouns, are more fusional than nouns, of which are decisively agglutinative.
 ==== Copula ====
@@ Line 851: / Line 891: @@
 |-
 |Prospective
+|-
+!Outer
 |-
 |Imperfective
 |-
 |Gnomic
-|-
-!Outer
 |-
 |Habitual