Azkali grammar: Difference between revisions

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=== Verbs ===

The verb in Azkali is considered the most complex area of grammar to learn. It remains remarkably distinct from how verbs in other languages in it's vicinity such as Baphian, Oikan, or Loremese are treated and is considered the most difficult aspect of Azkali to learn for a newcomer. Despite this fact, the Azkali verb is extremely regular and in most dialects, there is infact only one fully irregular verb - ''to be''. Azkali verbs are polypersonal, and they can mark the subject and direct object of a clause, and in situations in which it applies, the indirect object. They also mark for tense, mood, and voice and in certain common verbs can be optionally marked with adpositional information (denoted as the "postverb"). The Azkali verb can be described in the following template:

The verb in Azkali is considered the most complex area of grammar to learn. It remains remarkably distinct from how verbs in other languages in it's vicinity such as Baphian, Oikan, or Loremese are treated and is considered the most difficult aspect of Azkali to learn for a newcomer. Despite this fact, the Azkali verb is extremely regular and in most dialects, there is infact only one fully irregular verb - ''to be''. Azkali verbs are polypersonal, and they can mark the subject and direct object of a clause, and in situations in which it applies, the indirect object. They also mark for tense, mood, and voice and in certain common verbs can be optionally marked with adpositional information (denoted as the "postverb"). In addition, in certain common verbs there are the "version affixes" which further clarify how a participant is affected by the action. Azkali verbs can have up to 54,450 forms when accounting for all of these factors.

The Azkali verb can be described in the following template:

{| class="wikitable"

|+Azkali verb template

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==== Person indices ====

All verbs can take the following sets of person-indexing affixes. There are three sets of person indices: the absolutive set, the ergative set, and dative set. The absolutive set indexes the subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb. The ergative set indexes the subject of a transitive verb. The dative set indexes the person of a dative argument in a clause. The absolutive set is indexed as follows: ''-en(e)-'' for the first person singular (from the absolutive first person singular pronoun ''en''), ''-t(u)-'' for the second person singular (from the absolutive second person singular person pronoun ''tu''), ''-m(a)-'' for the masculine third person singular (from the absolutive third person masculine singular pronoun ''mai''); to mark the third person neutral (used for inanimate objects or an unspecified person) no suffix is used.

All verbs can take the following sets of person-indexing affixes. There are three sets of person indices: the absolutive set, the ergative set, and dative set. The absolutive set indexes the subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb. The ergative set indexes the subject of a transitive verb. The dative set indexes the person of a dative argument in a clause. The absolutive set is indexed as follows: ''-en(e)-'' for the first person singular (from the absolutive first person singular pronoun ''en''), ''-t(u)-'' for the second person singular (from the absolutive second person singular person pronoun ''tu''), ''-m(a)-'' for the masculine third person singular (from the absolutive third person masculine singular pronoun ''mai''); to mark the third person neutral (used for inanimate objects or an unspecified person) no suffix is used. As for paucal person marking, ''-tz(a)'' is used for the first person paucal (from the absolutive first person paucal pronoun ''tzen''), ''-u(k)-'' is used for the second person paucal (from the absolutive second person paucal pronoun ''tzu''), ''-r(a)-'' is used for the third person paucal (from the absolutive third person paucal pronoun ''rutzez''). And as for plural person marking, -''g(e)-'' is used for the first person plural (from an old absolutive first person plural pronoun ''geia''), ''-ro(z)-'' is used for the second person plural (from the absolutive second person plural pronoun ''thoru''), and ''-in(o)'' is used for the third person plural (from the absolutive third person plural pronoun ''thin.'')

As for paucal person marking, ''-tz(a)'' is used for the first person paucal (from the absolutive first person paucal pronoun ''tzen''), ''-u(k)-'' is used for the second person paucal (from the absolutive second person paucal pronoun ''tzu''), ''-r(a)-'' is used for the third person paucal (from the absolutive third person paucal ~~pronouns~~ ''rutzez''). And as for plural person marking,

{| class="wikitable"

|+Absolutive person indices

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|'''(-)in(o)-'''

|}

The negative marker is -ke, or when proceeded by an absolutive person affix that ends with a consonant, -eke, or with a verb stem that starts with /o/ or /u/, -ken-, or both scenarios, -eken-. However some scenarios permit a cluster: for example, the combination of the singular third person feminine absolutive prefix and negative affix is ''ezke'', and the combination of the ~~paucal third~~ person absolutive prefix and negative affix is ''~~ruzke~~'' (however, in some dialects it is ''~~ruke~~'').

The negative marker is -ke, or when proceeded by an absolutive person affix that ends with a consonant, -eke, or with a verb stem that starts with /o/ or /u/, -ken-, or both scenarios, -eken-. However some scenarios permit a cluster: for example, the combination of the singular third person feminine absolutive prefix and negative affix is ''ezke'', and the combination of the plural second person absolutive prefix and negative affix is ''rozke'' (however, in some dialects it is ''roke'').

{| class="wikitable"

|+Ergative person indices

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 === Verbs ===
-The verb in Azkali is considered the most complex area of grammar to learn. It remains remarkably distinct from how verbs in other languages in it's vicinity such as Baphian, Oikan, or Loremese are treated and is considered the most difficult aspect of Azkali to learn for a newcomer. Despite this fact, the Azkali verb is extremely regular and in most dialects, there is infact only one fully irregular verb - ''to be''. Azkali verbs are polypersonal, and they can mark the subject and direct object of a clause, and in situations in which it applies, the indirect object. They also mark for tense, mood, and voice and in certain common verbs can be optionally marked with adpositional information (denoted as the "postverb"). The Azkali verb can be described in the following template:
+The verb in Azkali is considered the most complex area of grammar to learn. It remains remarkably distinct from how verbs in other languages in it's vicinity such as Baphian, Oikan, or Loremese are treated and is considered the most difficult aspect of Azkali to learn for a newcomer. Despite this fact, the Azkali verb is extremely regular and in most dialects, there is infact only one fully irregular verb - ''to be''. Azkali verbs are polypersonal, and they can mark the subject and direct object of a clause, and in situations in which it applies, the indirect object. They also mark for tense, mood, and voice and in certain common verbs can be optionally marked with adpositional information (denoted as the "postverb"). In addition, in certain common verbs there are the "version affixes" which further clarify how a participant is affected by the action. Azkali verbs can have up to 54,450 forms when accounting for all of these factors.
+The Azkali verb can be described in the following template:
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+Azkali verb template
@@ Line 321: / Line 323: @@
 ==== Person indices ====
-All verbs can take the following sets of person-indexing affixes. There are three sets of person indices: the absolutive set, the ergative set, and dative set. The absolutive set indexes the subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb. The ergative set indexes the subject of a transitive verb. The dative set indexes the person of a dative argument in a clause. The absolutive set is indexed as follows: ''-en(e)-'' for the first person singular (from the absolutive first person singular pronoun ''en''), ''-t(u)-'' for the second person singular (from the absolutive second person singular person pronoun ''tu''), ''-m(a)-'' for the masculine third person singular (from the absolutive third person masculine singular pronoun ''mai''); to mark the third person neutral (used for inanimate objects or an unspecified person) no suffix is used.
+All verbs can take the following sets of person-indexing affixes. There are three sets of person indices: the absolutive set, the ergative set, and dative set. The absolutive set indexes the subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb. The ergative set indexes the subject of a transitive verb. The dative set indexes the person of a dative argument in a clause. The absolutive set is indexed as follows: ''-en(e)-'' for the first person singular (from the absolutive first person singular pronoun ''en''), ''-t(u)-'' for the second person singular (from the absolutive second person singular person pronoun ''tu''), ''-m(a)-'' for the masculine third person singular (from the absolutive third person masculine singular pronoun ''mai''); to mark the third person neutral (used for inanimate objects or an unspecified person) no suffix is used. As for paucal person marking, ''-tz(a)'' is used for the first person paucal (from the absolutive first person paucal pronoun ''tzen''), ''-u(k)-'' is used for the second person paucal (from the absolutive second person paucal pronoun ''tzu''), ''-r(a)-'' is used for the third person paucal (from the absolutive third person paucal pronoun ''rutzez''). And as for plural person marking, -''g(e)-'' is used for the first person plural (from an old absolutive first person plural pronoun ''geia''), ''-ro(z)-'' is used for the second person plural (from the absolutive second person plural pronoun ''thoru''), and ''-in(o)'' is used for the third person plural (from the absolutive third person plural pronoun ''thin.'')
-As for paucal person marking, ''-tz(a)'' is used for the first person paucal (from the absolutive first person paucal pronoun ''tzen''), ''-u(k)-'' is used for the second person paucal (from the absolutive second person paucal pronoun ''tzu''), ''-r(a)-'' is used for the third person paucal (from the absolutive third person paucal pronouns ''rutzez''). And as for plural person marking,
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+Absolutive person indices
@@ Line 363: / Line 363: @@
 |'''(-)in(o)-'''
 |}
-The negative marker is -ke, or when proceeded by an absolutive person affix that ends with a consonant, -eke, or with a verb stem that starts with /o/ or /u/, -ken-, or both scenarios, -eken-. However some scenarios permit a cluster: for example, the combination of the singular third person feminine absolutive prefix and negative affix is ''ezke'', and the combination of the paucal third person absolutive prefix and negative affix is ''ruzke'' (however, in some dialects it is ''ruke'').
+The negative marker is -ke, or when proceeded by an absolutive person affix that ends with a consonant, -eke, or with a verb stem that starts with /o/ or /u/, -ken-, or both scenarios, -eken-. However some scenarios permit a cluster: for example, the combination of the singular third person feminine absolutive prefix and negative affix is ''ezke'', and the combination of the plural second person absolutive prefix and negative affix is ''rozke'' (however, in some dialects it is ''roke'').
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+Ergative person indices