Azkali grammar: Difference between revisions

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==== Person indices ====

All verbs can take the following sets of person-indexing affixes. There are three sets of person indices: the absolutive set, the ergative set, and dative set. The absolutive set indexes the subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb. The ergative set indexes the subject of a transitive verb. The dative set indexes the person of a dative argument in a clause. The absolutive set is indexed as follows: ''-en(e)-'' for the first person singular (from the absolutive first person singular pronoun ''en''), ''-t(u)-'' for the second person singular (from the absolutive second person singular person pronoun ''tu''), ''-m(a)-'' for the masculine third person singular (from the absolutive third person masculine singular pronoun ''mai'')

All verbs can take the following sets of person-indexing affixes. There are three sets of person indices: the absolutive set, the ergative set, and dative set. The absolutive set indexes the subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb. The ergative set indexes the subject of a transitive verb. The dative set indexes the person of a dative argument in a clause. The absolutive set is indexed as follows: ''-en(e)-'' for the first person singular (from the absolutive first person singular pronoun ''en''), ''-t(u)-'' for the second person singular (from the absolutive second person singular person pronoun ''tu''), ''-m(a)-'' for the masculine third person singular (from the absolutive third person masculine singular pronoun ''mai''); to mark the third person neutral (used for inanimate objects or an unspecified person) no suffix is used.

As for paucal person marking, ''-tz(a)'' is used for the first person paucal (from the absolutive first person paucal pronoun ''tzen''), ''-u(k)-'' is used for the second person paucal (from the absolutive second person paucal pronoun ''tzu''), ''-r(a)-'' is used for the third person paucal (from the absolutive third person paucal pronouns ''rutzez''). And as for plural person marking,

{| class="wikitable"

|+Absolutive person indices

! rowspan="5" |Singular

! colspan="2" |1p

|'''en(e)-'''

|'''(-)en(e)-'''

|-

! colspan="2" |2p

|'''t(u)-'''

|'''(-)t(u)-'''

|-

! rowspan="3" |3p

!masculine

|'''m(a)-'''

|'''(-)m(a)-'''

|-

!feminine

|'''ez(e)-'''

|'''(-)ez(e)-'''

|-

!neutral

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! rowspan="3" |Paucal

! colspan="2" |1p

|'''tz(a)-'''

|'''(-)tz(a)-'''

|-

! colspan="2" |2p

|'''u(k)-'''

|'''(-)u(k)-'''

|-

! colspan="2" |3p

|'''r(a)-'''

|'''(-)r(a)-'''

|-

! rowspan="3" |Plural

! colspan="2" |1p

|'''g(e)-'''

|'''(-)g(e)-'''

|-

! colspan="2" |2p

|'''ro(z)-'''

|'''(-)ro(z)-'''

|-

! colspan="2" |3p

|'''in(o)-'''

|'''(-)in(o)-'''

|}

The negative marker is -ke, or when proceeded by an absolutive person affix that ends with a consonant, -eke, or with a verb stem that starts with /o/ or /u/, -ken-, or both scenarios, -eken-. However some scenarios permit a cluster: for example, the combination of the singular third person feminine absolutive prefix and negative affix is ''ezke'', and the combination of the paucal third person absolutive prefix and negative affix is ''ruzke'' (however, in some dialects it is ''ruke'').

@@ Line 321: / Line 321: @@
 ==== Person indices ====
-All verbs can take the following sets of person-indexing affixes. There are three sets of person indices: the absolutive set, the ergative set, and dative set. The absolutive set indexes the subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb. The ergative set indexes the subject of a transitive verb. The dative set indexes the person of a dative argument in a clause. The absolutive set is indexed as follows: ''-en(e)-'' for the first person singular (from the absolutive first person singular pronoun ''en''), ''-t(u)-'' for the second person singular (from the absolutive second person singular person pronoun ''tu''), ''-m(a)-'' for the masculine third person singular (from the absolutive third person masculine singular pronoun ''mai'')
+All verbs can take the following sets of person-indexing affixes. There are three sets of person indices: the absolutive set, the ergative set, and dative set. The absolutive set indexes the subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb. The ergative set indexes the subject of a transitive verb. The dative set indexes the person of a dative argument in a clause. The absolutive set is indexed as follows: ''-en(e)-'' for the first person singular (from the absolutive first person singular pronoun ''en''), ''-t(u)-'' for the second person singular (from the absolutive second person singular person pronoun ''tu''), ''-m(a)-'' for the masculine third person singular (from the absolutive third person masculine singular pronoun ''mai''); to mark the third person neutral (used for inanimate objects or an unspecified person) no suffix is used.
+As for paucal person marking, ''-tz(a)'' is used for the first person paucal (from the absolutive first person paucal pronoun ''tzen''), ''-u(k)-'' is used for the second person paucal (from the absolutive second person paucal pronoun ''tzu''), ''-r(a)-'' is used for the third person paucal (from the absolutive third person paucal pronouns ''rutzez''). And as for plural person marking,
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+Absolutive person indices
 ! rowspan="5" |Singular
 ! colspan="2" |<small>1p</small>
-|'''en(e)-'''
+|'''(-)en(e)-'''
 |-
 ! colspan="2" |<small>2p</small>
-|'''t(u)-'''
+|'''(-)t(u)-'''
 |-
 ! rowspan="3" |3p
 !<small>masculine</small>
-|'''m(a)-'''
+|'''(-)m(a)-'''
 |-
 !<small>feminine</small>
-|'''ez(e)-'''
+|'''(-)ez(e)-'''
 |-
 !<small>neutral</small>
@@ Line 343: / Line 345: @@
 ! rowspan="3" |Paucal
 ! colspan="2" |<small>1p</small>
-|'''tz(a)-'''
+|'''(-)tz(a)-'''
 |-
 ! colspan="2" |<small>2p</small>
-|'''u(k)-'''
+|'''(-)u(k)-'''
 |-
 ! colspan="2" |<small>3p</small>
-|'''r(a)-'''
+|'''(-)r(a)-'''
 |-
 ! rowspan="3" |Plural
 ! colspan="2" |<small>1p</small>
-|'''g(e)-'''
+|'''(-)g(e)-'''
 |-
 ! colspan="2" |<small>2p</small>
-|'''ro(z)-'''
+|'''(-)ro(z)-'''
 |-
 ! colspan="2" |<small>3p</small>
-|'''in(o)-'''
+|'''(-)in(o)-'''
 |}
 The negative marker is -ke, or when proceeded by an absolutive person affix that ends with a consonant, -eke, or with a verb stem that starts with /o/ or /u/, -ken-, or both scenarios, -eken-. However some scenarios permit a cluster: for example, the combination of the singular third person feminine absolutive prefix and negative affix is ''ezke'', and the combination of the paucal third person absolutive prefix and negative affix is ''ruzke'' (however, in some dialects it is ''ruke'').