Old Anhic language: Difference between revisions

Line 194:

Another rule is that if a word starts with ''h-'' or ''ħ-'', then it will be deleted and the ''k-'' or ''s-'' will replace it. For example, the word ''hirta'' 'way', has kappic and sigmatic forms ''kirta'' 'this, the way' and ''sirta'' 'that, the way'. But the word ''varman'' 'ash' has the forms ''gvarman'' and ''zvarman''. Note that if a word begins in a voiced consonant, the ''k-'' and ''s-'' are voiced to ''g-'' and ''z-''. Due to the rules, some words may only have one special form. Like ''gāza'' 'hand', which only has a valid sigmatic form ''zgāza.''

The rule of replacing ''h-'' or ''ħ-'' with ''k-'' or ''s-'' still has the other rules apply to it. For a word like ''htera'' 'star', the three rules listed previously should be applied as if the ''h'' was not there, so ''ktera'' is not a valid special form, but ''stera'' is.

=== Verbs ===

Verbs in Old Anhic are used to describe states, actions or occurrences. All verbs are conjugated for three moods (indicative, subjunctive, and imperative), three tenses in the first two moods (present, past, future), number (sg. and pl.), and person (1, 2, 3), and voice (active, passive). Verbs only have two conjugations: ''iotic'' and ''aniotic'', which both refer to the presence and absence of a '''/j/''' in the conjugation affix, respectively. There is only one irregular verb in Old Anhic, ''hasyāta'' 'to be'.

Verbs in Old Anhic are used to describe states, actions or occurrences. There are two types of verbs, plain and causative. All verbs are conjugated for three moods (indicative, subjunctive, and imperative), three tenses in the first two moods (present, past, future), number (sg. and pl.), and person (1, 2, 3), and voice (active, passive). Verbs of the 'plain' type only have two conjugations: ''iotic'' and ''aniotic'', which both refer to the presence and absence of a '''/j/''' in the conjugation affix, respectively. There is only one irregular verb in Old Anhic, ''hasyāta'' 'to be'.

{| class="wikitable"

|+Active indicative conjugations of an ''iotic'' and ''aniotic'' verb

Line 265:

Line 267:

Verbs are generally pro-drop, where subject pronouns aren't required, but they can be used for emphasis.

==== Plain vs. causative distinction ====

Plain verbs in Old Anhic generally have a non-causative meaning. Sometimes, the forms of a plain and causative verb are indistinguishable, i.e. ''sapyāta'' is both the plain and causative infinitive, so the word could mean 'to know' or 'to cause to know'. However, the distinction can be indicated by an ''-i-'', for example, ''tihāta'' 'to burn' and ''tihiāta'' 'to cause to burn, to set on fire'.

This intervening ''-i-'' persists throughout all conjugations, but the active participles are not unique between plain and causative verbs, but the passive participles are (''-imā'', ''-ima'', and ''-imi''). Causative passive participles can be used deponently.

==== The copula ====

The copula ('''''hasyāta''''') in Old Anhic generally corresponds to a meaning of 'to be'. This is the only verb that does not follow the pattern of ''aniotic'' or ''iotic'' completely in its conjugation, as it is extremely irregular. The copula has no passive forms, not even passive participles, and it is suppletive.

{| class="wikitable"

|+Indicative conjugation of '''''~~hasyāta~~''''' '''<nowiki/>'to be''''

|+Indicative plain conjugation of '''''ha''<nowiki/>''syāta''''' '''<nowiki/>'to be''''

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="3" |Singular

Line 305:

Line 312:

|vuhatti

|}

The present is derived directly from *h1es-, and does not have the intervening ''~~-ye-~~'' in it. The past is derived from *h2wes-, and does have the intervening ''~~-ye-~~'', making it behave like a regular iotic verb. The future is from *bʰuH-, and retains an unusual 1st person singular conjugation of ''vuhā'', where ''*vuhāmi'' would have been expected.

The present is derived directly from *h1es-, and does not have the intervening ''yā'' in it. The past is derived from *h2wes-, and does have the intervening ''yā'', making it behave like a regular iotic verb. The future is from *bʰuH-, and retains an unusual 1st person singular conjugation of ''vuhā'', where ''*vuhāmi'' would have been expected.

The present indicative is not used for statements like ''He is good'', instead it is required to be dropped. The proper sentence in Old Anhic is ''Has hāsa''. However, the present indicative of the verb is used for an existential, like 'there is...'

===== The causative copula =====

The causative copula in Old Anhic is technically irregular, due to the fact that it has no intervening ''-yā-'', but it is regular in its endings. All of the forms are analogized from the indicative plain present. The future tense is also irregular.

{| class="wikitable"

|+Indicative causative conjugation of '''''hasyāta''''' '''<nowiki/>'to cause to be''''

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="3" |Singular

! colspan="3" |Plural

|-

!1st

!2nd

!3rd

!1st

!2nd

!3rd

|-

!Present

|hāsāmi

|hāsāsi

|hāsāti

|hāsāma

|hāsāta

|hāsātti

|-

!Past

|hāsyam

|hāsya

|hāsyat

|hāsyama

|hāsyata

|hāsyatt

|-

!Future

|hāsī

|hāsā

|hāsīt

|hāsīma

|hāsīta

|hāsītt

|}

==== Non-finite forms ====

@@ Line 194: / Line 194: @@
 Another rule is that if a word starts with ''h-'' or ''ħ-'', then it will be deleted and the ''k-'' or ''s-'' will replace it. For example, the word ''hirta'' 'way', has kappic and sigmatic forms ''kirta'' 'this, the way' and ''sirta'' 'that, the way'. But the word ''varman'' 'ash' has the forms ''gvarman'' and ''zvarman''. Note that if a word begins in a voiced consonant, the ''k-'' and ''s-'' are voiced to ''g-'' and ''z-''. Due to the rules, some words may only have one special form. Like ''gāza'' 'hand', which only has a valid sigmatic form ''zgāza.''
+The rule of replacing ''h-'' or ''ħ-'' with ''k-'' or ''s-'' still has the other rules apply to it. For a word like ''htera'' 'star', the three rules listed previously should be applied as if the ''h'' was not there, so ''ktera'' is not a valid special form, but ''stera'' is.
 === Verbs ===
-Verbs in Old Anhic are used to describe states, actions or occurrences. All verbs are conjugated for three moods (indicative, subjunctive, and imperative), three tenses in the first two moods (present, past, future), number (sg. and pl.), and person (1, 2, 3), and voice (active, passive). Verbs only have two conjugations: ''iotic'' and ''aniotic'', which both refer to the presence and absence of a '''/j/''' in the conjugation affix, respectively. There is only one irregular verb in Old Anhic, ''hasyāta'' 'to be'.
+Verbs in Old Anhic are used to describe states, actions or occurrences. There are two types of verbs, plain and causative. All verbs are conjugated for three moods (indicative, subjunctive, and imperative), three tenses in the first two moods (present, past, future), number (sg. and pl.), and person (1, 2, 3), and voice (active, passive). Verbs of the 'plain' type only have two conjugations: ''iotic'' and ''aniotic'', which both refer to the presence and absence of a '''/j/''' in the conjugation affix, respectively. There is only one irregular verb in Old Anhic, ''hasyāta'' 'to be'.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+Active indicative conjugations of an ''iotic'' and ''aniotic'' verb
@@ Line 265: / Line 267: @@
 Verbs are generally pro-drop, where subject pronouns aren't required, but they can be used for emphasis.
+==== Plain vs. causative distinction ====
+Plain verbs in Old Anhic generally have a non-causative meaning. Sometimes, the forms of a plain and causative verb are indistinguishable, i.e. ''sapyāta'' is both the plain and causative infinitive, so the word could mean 'to know' or 'to cause to know'. However, the distinction can be indicated by an ''-i-'', for example, ''tihāta'' 'to burn' and ''tihiāta'' 'to cause to burn, to set on fire'.
+This intervening ''-i-'' persists throughout all conjugations, but the active participles are not unique between plain and causative verbs, but the passive participles are (''-imā'', ''-ima'', and ''-imi''). Causative passive participles can be used deponently.
 ==== The copula ====
 The copula ('''''hasyāta''''') in Old Anhic generally corresponds to a meaning of 'to be'. This is the only verb that does not follow the pattern of ''aniotic'' or ''iotic'' completely in its conjugation, as it is extremely irregular. The copula has no passive forms, not even passive participles, and it is suppletive.
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+Indicative conjugation of '''''hasyāta''''' '''<nowiki/>'to be''''
+|+Indicative plain conjugation of '''''ha''<nowiki/>''syāta''''' '''<nowiki/>'to be''''
 ! rowspan="2" |
 ! colspan="3" |Singular
@@ Line 305: / Line 312: @@
 |vuhatti
 |}
-The present is derived directly from *h<sub>1</sub>es-, and does not have the intervening ''-ye-'' in it. The past is derived from *h<sub>2</sub>wes-, and does have the intervening ''-ye-'', making it behave like a regular iotic verb. The future is from *bʰuH-, and retains an unusual 1st person singular conjugation of ''vuhā'', where ''*vuhāmi'' would have been expected.
+The present is derived directly from *h<sub>1</sub>es-, and does not have the intervening ''yā'' in it. The past is derived from *h<sub>2</sub>wes-, and does have the intervening ''yā'', making it behave like a regular iotic verb. The future is from *bʰuH-, and retains an unusual 1st person singular conjugation of ''vuhā'', where ''*vuhāmi'' would have been expected.
 The present indicative is not used for statements like ''He is good'', instead it is required to be dropped. The proper sentence in Old Anhic is ''Has hāsa''. However, the present indicative of the verb is used for an existential, like 'there is...'
+===== The causative copula =====
+The causative copula in Old Anhic is technically irregular, due to the fact that it has no intervening ''-yā-'', but it is regular in its endings. All of the forms are analogized from the indicative plain present. The future tense is also irregular.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+Indicative causative conjugation of '''''hasyāta''''' '''<nowiki/>'to cause to be''''
+! rowspan="2" |
+! colspan="3" |Singular
+! colspan="3" |Plural
+|-
+!1st
+!2nd
+!3rd
+!1st
+!2nd
+!3rd
+|-
+!Present
+|hāsāmi
+|hāsāsi
+|hāsāti
+|hāsāma
+|hāsāta
+|hāsātti
+|-
+!Past
+|hāsyam
+|hāsya
+|hāsyat
+|hāsyama
+|hāsyata
+|hāsyatt
+|-
+!Future
+|hāsī
+|hāsā
+|hāsīt
+|hāsīma
+|hāsīta
+|hāsītt
+|}
 ==== Non-finite forms ====