Old Anhic language: Difference between revisions

Line 152:

Pronouns also decline for the same five cases, but the genitive is called the possessive. The third-person pronouns have a three-way gender distinction of masculine, feminine, and neuter. The masculine and feminine genders are generally only used for animate referents, and the neuter for inanimates.

Adjectives agree in case, number, and 'definiteness' (see ''kappic and sigmatic forms'') with the noun they modify.

'''Example of a noun being declined'''

Line 261:

Line 263:

|}

All aniotic verbs always have /h/ at the end of their stem and their infinitives have no /j/ in them. Note how '''anhāta''' only has ''-h-'', '''dakkyāta''' has ''-y-'', but '''vihyāta''' has ''-hy-'', meaning it is iotic. The tense of a verb in the active indicative can be known due to the presence of a certain vowel. The active indicative present always has ''-ā-'', the past always has ''-a-'', and the future always has ''-i-''.

Verbs are generally pro-drop, where subject pronouns aren't required, but they can be used for emphasis.

==== The copula ====

Line 303:

Line 307:

The present is derived directly from *h1es-, and does not have the intervening ''-ye-'' in it. The past is derived from *h2wes-, and does have the intervening ''-ye-'', making it behave like a regular iotic verb. The future is from *bʰuH-, and retains an unusual 1st person singular conjugation of ''vuhā'', where ''*vuhāmi'' would have been expected.

The present indicative is not used for statements like ''He is good'', instead it is required to be dropped. The proper sentence in Old Anhic is ''Has hāsa''.

The present indicative is not used for statements like ''He is good'', instead it is required to be dropped. The proper sentence in Old Anhic is ''Has hāsa''. However, the present indicative of the verb is used for an existential, like 'there is...'

==== Non-finite forms ====

Line 329:

Line 333:

=== Adpositions ===

Adpositions in Old Anhic are indeclinable and can be placed either before or after a noun. Some adpositions are actually prefixes, analogous to how they are used for phrasal verbs. For example, ''h(a)-'' 'in' can be used to form a sort of inessive case.

Adpositions in Old Anhic are indeclinable and can be placed either before or after a noun. Some adpositions are actually prefixes, analogous to how they are used for phrasal verbs. For example, ''h(a)-'' 'in' can be used to form a sort of inessive case. Some new adpositions can be made with the addition of the ''du-'' 'bad' prefix. For example, ''du-'' + ''qam'' 'with' yields ''duqam'' 'not with, against, opposite to'. These new adpositions have the opposite meaning of their base adposition.

=== Negation ===

In general, negation is marked with the negative particle ''ma''. For verbs, the ''ma'' particle can be prefixed or suffixed, such as ''mahamyāmi'' or ''hamyāmima'', both meaning 'I don't know'. For adjectives, the ''ma'' particle can be placed either before or after them.

== Syntax ==

In Old Anhic, the order of words in a sentence is generally free, but there is a tendency to have a base word order of subject-object-verb (SOV). It is somewhat common for related segments in a sentence to not be placed consecutively. If a sentence only has one verb and one adverb in it, then both the adverb and verb can be placed anywhere within it.

Base example: ''Ag ati has '''gmāgam''' gvinam dakkyatt.'' 'Me and him saw the big woman.' The adjective ('''''gmāgam''''', 'big') is placed before the noun (''gvinam'', 'woman'), but this isn't required, an equally valid sentence is '''''Gmāgam''''' ''dakkyatt ag ati has gvinam.'' Now, the adjective is disconnected from its noun, the verb is now before the subject, and the noun is at the end.

@@ Line 152: / Line 152: @@
 Pronouns also decline for the same five cases, but the genitive is called the possessive. The third-person pronouns have a three-way gender distinction of masculine, feminine, and neuter. The masculine and feminine genders are generally only used for animate referents, and the neuter for inanimates.
+Adjectives agree in case, number, and 'definiteness' (see ''kappic and sigmatic forms'') with the noun they modify.
 '''Example of a noun being declined'''
@@ Line 261: / Line 263: @@
 |}
 All aniotic verbs always have /h/ at the end of their stem and their infinitives have no /j/ in them. Note how '''anhāta''' only has ''-h-'', '''dakkyāta''' has ''-y-'', but '''vihyāta''' has ''-hy-'', meaning it is iotic. The tense of a verb in the active indicative can be known due to the presence of a certain vowel. The active indicative present always has ''-ā-'', the past always has ''-a-'', and the future always has ''-i-''.
+Verbs are generally pro-drop, where subject pronouns aren't required, but they can be used for emphasis.
 ==== The copula ====
@@ Line 303: / Line 307: @@
 The present is derived directly from *h<sub>1</sub>es-, and does not have the intervening ''-ye-'' in it. The past is derived from *h<sub>2</sub>wes-, and does have the intervening ''-ye-'', making it behave like a regular iotic verb. The future is from *bʰuH-, and retains an unusual 1st person singular conjugation of ''vuhā'', where ''*vuhāmi'' would have been expected.
-The present indicative is not used for statements like ''He is good'', instead it is required to be dropped. The proper sentence in Old Anhic is ''Has hāsa''.
+The present indicative is not used for statements like ''He is good'', instead it is required to be dropped. The proper sentence in Old Anhic is ''Has hāsa''. However, the present indicative of the verb is used for an existential, like 'there is...'
 ==== Non-finite forms ====
@@ Line 329: / Line 333: @@
 === Adpositions ===
-Adpositions in Old Anhic are indeclinable and can be placed either before or after a noun. Some adpositions are actually prefixes, analogous to how they are used for phrasal verbs. For example, ''h(a)-'' 'in' can be used to form a sort of inessive case.
+Adpositions in Old Anhic are indeclinable and can be placed either before or after a noun. Some adpositions are actually prefixes, analogous to how they are used for phrasal verbs. For example, ''h(a)-'' 'in' can be used to form a sort of inessive case. Some new adpositions can be made with the addition of the ''du-'' 'bad' prefix. For example, ''du-'' + ''qam'' 'with' yields ''duqam'' 'not with, against, opposite to'. These new adpositions have the opposite meaning of their base adposition.
+=== Negation ===
+In general, negation is marked with the negative particle ''ma''. For verbs, the ''ma'' particle can be prefixed or suffixed, such as ''mahamyāmi'' or ''hamyāmima'', both meaning 'I don't know'. For adjectives, the ''ma'' particle can be placed either before or after them.
+== Syntax ==
+In Old Anhic, the order of words in a sentence is generally free, but there is a tendency to have a base word order of subject-object-verb (SOV). It is somewhat common for related segments in a sentence to not be placed consecutively. If a sentence only has one verb and one adverb in it, then both the adverb and verb can be placed anywhere within it.
+Base example: ''Ag ati has '''gmāgam''' <u>gvinam</u> dakkyatt.'' 'Me and him saw the big woman.' The adjective ('''''gmāgam''''', 'big') is placed before the noun (''<u>gvinam</u>'', 'woman'), but this isn't required, an equally valid sentence is '''''Gmāgam''''' ''dakkyatt ag ati has <u>gvinam</u>.'' Now, the adjective is disconnected from its noun, the verb is now before the subject, and the noun is at the end.