Old Anhic language: Difference between revisions

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The present indicative is not used for statements like ''He is good'', instead it is required to be dropped. The proper sentence in Old Anhic is ''Has hāsa''.

==== Non-finite forms ====

Old Anhic does not possess many non-finite forms, only having deverbal nouns, active / passive participles, and agentives. Many of these forms are used in combination with the affixes ''hu-'' 'good' and ''du-'' 'bad' to form multiple new words.

'''Deverbal forms'''

Every verb in Old Anhic has two deverbal nouns associated with it, one in ''-a'', the other in ''-man''. The ''-a'' form is used for the 'process of X', and the ''-man'' form is uses for the 'result of X'. For example, ''gavasa'' means 'tasting', and ''gavasman'' means 'taste' (the <u>result of tasting</u> is a <u>taste</u>).

'''Participles'''

Old Anhic has both active and passive participles, and each type has three tense divisions, present, past, and future. Participles can be used as adjectives or nouns. The active participles are formed with ''-yāss'', ''-yass'', and ''-yiss'', with respect to the order of tenses listed before. The passive participles are formed differently, with ''-mā'', ''-ma'', and ''-mi'', respectively. The active participles are also part of the iotic / aniotic distinction, so aniotic verbs will have active participles formed with ''-āss'', ''-ass'', and ''-iss.''

'''Agentives'''

Agentives are used to indicate the meaning of 'that which X-s' or the 'X-er'. Generally, these are formed with the affix ''-yārta'', but there are some inherited irregular forms that involve an irregularly placed '''-r-''', such as ''dārha'' 'giver, God' and ''mārha'' 'mother', but these have become disassociated from their corresponding roots and the irregular and regular forms simultaneously exist, like ''dārha'' and ''dāhārta'', both meaning 'giver', but only the former has the additional meaning of 'God'. Note that the affix ''-yārta'' is part of the iotic / aniotic distinction, and the aniotic form is -''ārta''.

==== Phrasal verbs ====

Phrasal verbs are very commonly used to modify the meanings of already existing verbs. They are formed with an adposition prefixed onto a verb. For example ''h(a)''- 'in' + ''dakkyāta'' 'to see' forms ''hadakkayāta'' 'to observe, oversee'. ''H(a)-'' is generally used as an intensive. Other adpositions can be used to form phrasal verbs, such as ''ħad-'' 'at, to' and ''qam-'' 'with'.

While not being formed with adpositions, the affixes ''hu-'' 'good' and ''du-'' 'bad' can also be attached onto verbs to narrow their meaning. For example, ''hu-'' + ''gavasyāta'' 'to taste' yields ''hugavasyāta'' 'to taste (something good)'. These affixes are also not restricted to verbs and can also be applied to nominals.

=== Adverbs ===

Adverbs in Old Anhic are formed via the ''adverbial accusative'', where the accusative singular form of a noun or adjective is used as an adverb. For example, ''vata'' 'year' → ''vatam'' 'yearly'. These can be placed either before or after a verb.

=== Adpositions ===

Adpositions in Old Anhic are indeclinable and can be placed either before or after a noun. Some adpositions are actually prefixes, analogous to how they are used for phrasal verbs. For example, ''h(a)-'' 'in' can be used to form a sort of inessive case.

@@ Line 304: / Line 304: @@
 The present indicative is not used for statements like ''He is good'', instead it is required to be dropped. The proper sentence in Old Anhic is ''Has hāsa''.
+==== Non-finite forms ====
+Old Anhic does not possess many non-finite forms, only having deverbal nouns, active / passive participles, and agentives. Many of these forms are used in combination with the affixes ''hu-'' 'good' and ''du-'' 'bad' to form multiple new words.
+'''Deverbal forms'''
+Every verb in Old Anhic has two deverbal nouns associated with it, one in ''-a'', the other in ''-man''. The ''-a'' form is used for the 'process of X', and the ''-man'' form is uses for the 'result of X'. For example, ''gavasa'' means 'tasting', and ''gavasman'' means 'taste' (the <u>result of tasting</u> is a <u>taste</u>).
+'''Participles'''
+Old Anhic has both active and passive participles, and each type has three tense divisions, present, past, and future. Participles can be used as adjectives or nouns. The active participles are formed with ''-yāss'', ''-yass'', and ''-yiss'', with respect to the order of tenses listed before. The passive participles are formed differently, with ''-mā'', ''-ma'', and ''-mi'', respectively. The active participles are also part of the iotic / aniotic distinction, so aniotic verbs will have active participles formed with ''-āss'', ''-ass'', and ''-iss.''
+'''Agentives'''
+Agentives are used to indicate the meaning of 'that which X-s' or the 'X-er'. Generally, these are formed with the affix ''-yārta'', but there are some inherited irregular forms that involve an irregularly placed '''-r-''', such as ''dārha'' 'giver, God' and ''mārha'' 'mother', but these have become disassociated from their corresponding roots and the irregular and regular forms simultaneously exist, like ''dārha'' and ''dāhārta'', both meaning 'giver', but only the former has the additional meaning of 'God'. Note that the affix ''-yārta'' is part of the iotic / aniotic distinction, and the aniotic form is -''ārta''.
+==== Phrasal verbs ====
+Phrasal verbs are very commonly used to modify the meanings of already existing verbs. They are formed with an adposition prefixed onto a verb. For example ''h(a)''- 'in' + ''dakkyāta'' 'to see' forms ''hadakkayāta'' 'to observe, oversee'. ''H(a)-'' is generally used as an intensive. Other adpositions can be used to form phrasal verbs, such as ''ħad-'' 'at, to' and ''qam-'' 'with'.
+While not being formed with adpositions, the affixes ''hu-'' 'good' and ''du-'' 'bad' can also be attached onto verbs to narrow their meaning. For example, ''hu-'' + ''gavasyāta'' 'to taste' yields ''hugavasyāta'' 'to taste (something good)'. These affixes are also not restricted to verbs and can also be applied to nominals.
+=== Adverbs ===
+Adverbs in Old Anhic are formed via the ''adverbial accusative'', where the accusative singular form of a noun or adjective is used as an adverb. For example, ''vata'' 'year' → ''vatam'' 'yearly'. These can be placed either before or after a verb.
+=== Adpositions ===
+Adpositions in Old Anhic are indeclinable and can be placed either before or after a noun. Some adpositions are actually prefixes, analogous to how they are used for phrasal verbs. For example, ''h(a)-'' 'in' can be used to form a sort of inessive case.