Hngatil grammar: Difference between revisions
| Line 134: | Line 134: | ||
|Rock, mountains, etc. | |Rock, mountains, etc. | ||
|} | |} | ||
The full paradigm for the verb stem '' | The full paradigm for the verb stem ''tyangmai'' - meaning ''to cut'', is shown, only with their classifier suffixes; | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
!Classifier | |||
!Form | |||
!Pronunciation | |||
!Meaning | |||
|- | |||
!Solid object | |||
|ngmaitypa | |||
| | |||
|to cut a solid object | |||
|- | |||
!Liquid object | |||
|hmuutypa | |||
| | |||
|to cut a liquid object, to seperate a liquid | |||
|- | |||
!Elevated object | |||
|hmuuki | |||
| | |||
|to cut an elevated object | |||
|- | |||
!Slender object | |||
|maki | |||
| | |||
|to cut a slender object | |||
|- | |||
!Load object | |||
|mapi | |||
| | |||
|to cut a load object, to open a load object | |||
|- | |||
!Open container | |||
|nuupii | |||
| | |||
|to cut an open container | |||
|- | |||
!Closed container | |||
|typ'atk'api | |||
| | |||
|to cut a closed container | |||
|- | |||
!Animate object | |||
|typ'atk'ak'u | |||
| | |||
|to cut an animate object, to stab | |||
|- | |||
!Semianimate object | |||
|naak'u | |||
| | |||
|to cut a semianimate object, to butcher | |||
|- | |||
!Inanimate object | |||
|kuŵa | |||
| | |||
|to cut (an inanimate object) | |||
|- | |||
!Plural objects | |||
|kukit' | |||
| | |||
|to cut objects | |||
|- | |||
!Long tall object | |||
|kura | |||
| | |||
|to cut a long tall object | |||
|- | |||
!Smooth object | |||
|dangiddi | |||
| | |||
|to cut a smooth object | |||
|- | |||
!Rigid object | |||
|k'ugddi | |||
| | |||
|to cut a rigid object | |||
|} | |||
=== Aspect === | === Aspect === | ||
| Line 155: | Line 232: | ||
# '''Reversative''' '''(Rev.)''' - an action involving the change of direction or intent | # '''Reversative''' '''(Rev.)''' - an action involving the change of direction or intent | ||
# '''Distributive''' '''(Dstr.)''' - an action that occurs or is done or happens to/by a group or location | # '''Distributive''' '''(Dstr.)''' - an action that occurs or is done or happens to/by a group or location | ||
# '''Semiliterative (Slt.)''' - an action that is repeated many times over a short period of time, and is analyzed as a single action - often associated with vibrating, bending, or rolling objects, and often has a present implication | # '''Semiliterative (Slt.)''' - an action that is repeated many times over a short period of time, and is analyzed as a single action - often associated with vibrating, bending, trilling, shaking, or rolling objects, and often has a present implication | ||
A list of all aspectual suffix forms is shown below; | A list of all aspectual suffix forms is shown below; | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 199: | Line 276: | ||
=== Irregular and defective verbs === | === Irregular and defective verbs === | ||
Many Hngatil verbs, particularly the most common verbs, are irregular and defective in aspects marking. Contrary to one what might expect, the verb meaning to be only can be conjugated for the perfective and progressive aspects, though it changes for other factors. | Many Hngatil verbs, particularly the most common verbs, are irregular and defective in aspects marking. Contrary to one what might expect, the verb meaning to be only can be conjugated for the perfective and progressive aspects, though it changes for other factors. In addition, the verb meaning to have is actually more irregular than to be, a relative rarity among world languages. | ||
==== To be (ty-arri) ==== | ==== To be (ty-arri) ==== | ||