Pataxea: Difference between revisions

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== History ==
== History ==
Throughout early Azkali history, there have been countless records that corroborate the existence of Proto-Azkali as a language. The oldest grammar book in the world, the [[Azalyi Gazi Chixgartai Ka]], describes Proto-Azkali's grammar and phonology as it was in approximately 6000 BCE, and the book itself dates to atleast 900 BCE, or as late as 1100 BCE.
Throughout early Azkali history, there have been countless records that corroborate the existence of Proto-Azkali as a language. The oldest grammar book in the world, the [[Azalyi Gazi Chixgartai Ka]], often shortened as the Azalyi Chixgartai, describes Proto-Azkali's grammar and phonology as it was in approximately 6000 BCE, and the book itself dates to atleast 900 BCE, or as late as 1100 BCE. As such, the Azalyi Chixgartai remains the 


== Urhemiat ==
== Urhemiat ==
The homeland of Proto-Azkali speakers has been debated for centuries. There are two leading theories, the '''Northern Ukilen hypothesis''' and the '''Southwest Zuvia hypothesis''', also rather infamously known as the '''Zuvia conondrum'''.
The homeland of Proto-Azkali speakers has been debated for centuries. There are two leading theories, the '''Northern Ukilen hypothesis''' and the '''Southwest (northern continent) hypothesis''', also rather infamously known as the '''(northern continent) conondrum'''.


=== Northern Ukilen hypothesis ===
=== Northern Ukilen hypothesis ===
The Northern Ukilen hypothesis, first proposed in 1601 by Oikan polymath [insert name here], posits the homeland of Proto Azkali speakers in Northeast Ukilen continent, centered around [[Bongsibon]]. The Northern Ukilen hypothesis was the first theory for the homeland of Azkali ever proposed, and directly caused increased awareness of reconstruction of Proto-Azkali.
The Northern Ukilen hypothesis, first proposed in 1601 by Oikan polymath [insert name here], posits the homeland of Proto Azkali speakers in Northeast Ukilen continent, centered around [[Bongsibon]]. The Northern Ukilen hypothesis was the first theory for the homeland of Azkali ever proposed, and directly caused increased awareness of reconstruction of Proto-Azkali.
=== The Zuvia Conondrum ===


== Pre-East-Brausian substrate hypothesis ==
== Pre-East-Brausian substrate hypothesis ==
Line 35: Line 33:
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasals
! colspan="2" |Nasals
|'''*m'''
|'''m'''
/m/
/m/
|'''*n'''
|'''n'''
/n/
/n/
|'''*nw'''
|'''nw'''
/nʷ/
/nʷ/
|'''ny'''
|'''ny'''
/ɲ/
/ɲ/
|'''*ng'''
|'''ng'''
/ŋ/
/ŋ/
|
|
Line 50: Line 48:
! rowspan="2" |Plosives
! rowspan="2" |Plosives
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
|'''*p'''
|'''p'''
/p/
/p/
|'''*t'''
|'''t'''
/t/
/t/
|'''*tw'''
|'''tw'''
/tʷ/
/tʷ/
|'''*c'''
|'''c'''
/c/
/c/
|'''*k'''
|'''k'''
/k/
/k/
|'''*kw'''
|'''kw'''
/kʷ/
/kʷ/
|
|
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|'''*b'''
|'''b'''
/p'~b/
/p'~b/
|'''*d'''
|'''d'''
/t'~d/
/t'~d/
|'''*dw'''
|'''dw'''
/tʷ'~dʷ/
/tʷ'~dʷ/
|
|
|'''*g'''
|'''g'''
/k'~g/
/k'~g/
|'''*gw'''
|'''gw'''
/kʷ'~gʷ/
/kʷ'~gʷ/
|
|
Line 81: Line 79:
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|
|'''*s'''
|'''s'''
/s/
/s/
|'''*sw'''
|'''sw'''
/sʷ/
/sʷ/
|'''*ch'''
|'''ch'''
/ç/
/ç/
|'''*x'''
|'''x'''
/x~χ/
/x~χ/
|'''*xw'''
|'''xw'''
/xʷ~χʷ/
/xʷ~χʷ/
|'''*h'''
|'''h'''
/h/
/h/
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
|'''*z'''
|'''z'''
/s'~z/
/s'~z/
|'''*zw'''
|'''zw'''
/sʷ'-zʷ/
/sʷ'-zʷ/
|
|
Line 107: Line 105:
! colspan="2" |Semivowels
! colspan="2" |Semivowels
|
|
|'''*l'''
|'''l'''
/l/
/l/
|
|
|'''*y'''
|'''y'''
/j/
/j/
|
|
Line 118: Line 116:
! colspan="2" |Rhotic
! colspan="2" |Rhotic
|
|
|'''*r'''
|'''r'''
/ɹ/
/ɹ/
|'''*rw'''
|'''rw'''
/ɹʷ/
/ɹʷ/
|
|
Line 127: Line 125:
|
|
|}
|}
Nasal sounds could not appear word initially, nor it appears could *s or *z. The rhotic *r /ɹ/ possibly could have been a trill /r/ word initially.  
Nasal sounds could not appear word initially, nor it appears could s or z. The rhotic r /ɹ/ possibly could have been a trill /r/ word initially.  


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
Line 137: Line 135:
|-
|-
!Close
!Close
|'''*i'''
|'''i'''
/i~ɪ/
/i~ɪ/
|-
|-
!Mid
!Mid
|'''*e'''
|'''e'''
/e~ɛ/
/e~ɛ/
|-
|-
!Open
!Open
|'''*a'''
|'''a'''
/a/
/a/
|}
|}
Line 161: Line 159:
|-
|-
!Ergative
!Ergative
|*ne
|ne
|-
|-
!Accusative
!Accusative
|*ka
|ka
|-
|-
!Genitive
!Genitive
|*kaca
|kaca
|-
|-
!Privative
!Privative
|*za
|za
|-
|-
!Instrumental
!Instrumental
|*gazi
|gazi
|}
|}
=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
Line 280: Line 278:
|1
|1
|I
|I
|*ke
|ke
|
|
|
|
Line 286: Line 284:
|2
|2
|you (singular)
|you (singular)
|*te
|te
|
|
|
|
Line 292: Line 290:
|3
|3
|he, she, it
|he, she, it
|*bai
|bai
|
|
|
|
Line 298: Line 296:
|4
|4
|we
|we
|*es
|es
|
|
|
|
Line 304: Line 302:
|5
|5
|you (plural)
|you (plural)
|*ean
|ean
|
|
|
|
Line 310: Line 308:
|6
|6
|they
|they
|*en
|en
|
|
|
|
Line 316: Line 314:
|7
|7
|this
|this
|*anasgeri
|anasgeri
|
|
|
|
Line 322: Line 320:
|8
|8
|that
|that
|*keri
|keri
|
|
|
|
Line 328: Line 326:
|9
|9
|here
|here
|*an
|an
|
|
|
|
Line 334: Line 332:
|10
|10
|there
|there
|*en
|en
|
|
|
|
Line 340: Line 338:
|11
|11
|who
|who
|*gamea
|gamea
|
|
|
|
Line 346: Line 344:
|12
|12
|what
|what
|*gamera
|gamera
|
|
|
|
Line 352: Line 350:
|13
|13
|where
|where
|*gachera
|gachera
|
|
|
|
Line 358: Line 356:
|14
|14
|when
|when
|*gesera
|gesera
|
|
|
|
Line 364: Line 362:
|15
|15
|how
|how
|*kea
|kea
|
|
|
|
Line 370: Line 368:
|16
|16
|not
|not
|*ga(n)-
|ga(n)-
|
|
|
|
Line 376: Line 374:
|17
|17
|all
|all
|*ke(n)-
|ke(n)-
|
|
|
|
Line 382: Line 380:
|18
|18
|many
|many
|*gazg(i)-
|gazg(i)-
|
|
|
|
Line 388: Line 386:
|19
|19
|some
|some
|*eze(n)-
|eze(n)-
|
|
|
|
Line 394: Line 392:
|20
|20
|few
|few
|*-(n)an
| -(n)an
|
|
|
|
Line 400: Line 398:
|21
|21
|other
|other
|*-(sw)en
| -(sw)en
|
|
|
|
Line 406: Line 404:
|22
|22
|one
|one
|*chat
|chat
|
|
|
|
Line 412: Line 410:
|23
|23
|two
|two
|*chatei
|chatei
|
|
|
|
Line 418: Line 416:
|24
|24
|three
|three
|*charei
|charei
|
|
|
|
Line 424: Line 422:
|25
|25
|four
|four
|*chamadei
|chamadei
|
|
|
|
Line 430: Line 428:
|26
|26
|five
|five
|*chakei
|chakei
|
|
|
|
Line 436: Line 434:
|27
|27
|big
|big
|*chi
|chi
|
|
|
|
Line 442: Line 440:
|28
|28
|long
|long
|*nachi
|nachi
|
|
|
|
Line 448: Line 446:
|29
|29
|wide
|wide
|*nazki
|nazki
|
|
|
|
Line 454: Line 452:
|30
|30
|thick
|thick
|*gizki
|gizki
|
|
|
|
Line 460: Line 458:
|31
|31
|heavy
|heavy
|*debi
|debi
|
|
|
|
Line 466: Line 464:
|32
|32
|small
|small
|*mei
|mei
|
|
|
|
Line 472: Line 470:
|33
|33
|short
|short
|*kagi
|kagi
|
|
|
|
Line 478: Line 476:
|34
|34
|narrow
|narrow
|*kagea
|kagea
|
|
|
|
Line 484: Line 482:
|35
|35
|thin
|thin
|*gikwesan
|gikwesan
|
|
|
|
Line 490: Line 488:
|36
|36
|woman
|woman
|*chemega
|chemega
|
|
|
|
Line 496: Line 494:
|37
|37
|man (adult male)
|man (adult male)
|*chamiga
|chamiga
|
|
|
|
Line 502: Line 500:
|38
|38
|man (kali being)
|man (kali being)
|*echalia
|echalia
|
|
|
|
Line 508: Line 506:
|39
|39
|child
|child
|*esachigi
|esachigi
|
|
|
|
Line 514: Line 512:
|40
|40
|wife
|wife
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |*chetaz
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |chetaz
| rowspan="2" |translatable as  
| rowspan="2" |translatable as  
''partner''
''partner''
Line 525: Line 523:
|42
|42
|mother
|mother
|*mama
|mama
|
|
|
|
Line 531: Line 529:
|43
|43
|father
|father
|*papa
|papa
|
|
|
|
Line 537: Line 535:
|44
|44
|animal
|animal
|*chitzaga
|chitzaga
|
|
|
|
Line 543: Line 541:
|45
|45
|fish
|fish
|*bazga
|bazga
|
|
|
|
Line 549: Line 547:
|46
|46
|bird
|bird
|*tagisi
|tagisi
|
|
|
|
Line 555: Line 553:
|47
|47
|dog
|dog
|*rwaztagi
|rwaztagi
|
|
|
|
Line 561: Line 559:
|48
|48
|louse
|louse
|*hiyerwa
|hiyerwa
|
|
|
|
Line 567: Line 565:
|49
|49
|snake
|snake
|*ezaze
|ezaze
|
|
|
|
Line 573: Line 571:
|50
|50
|worm
|worm
|*azardaxe
|azardaxe
|
|
|
|
Line 579: Line 577:
|51
|51
|tree
|tree
|*gwaeti
|gwaeti
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|
|
Line 585: Line 583:
|52
|52
|forest
|forest
|*gwar
|gwar
|
|
|-
|-
|53
|53
|stick
|stick
|*dera
|dera
|
|
|
|
Line 596: Line 594:
|54
|54
|fruit
|fruit
|*ralisa
|ralisa
|
|
|
|
Line 602: Line 600:
|55
|55
|seed
|seed
|*cai
|cai
|
|
|
|
Line 608: Line 606:
|56
|56
|leaf
|leaf
|*gwayti
|gwayti
|
|
|
|
Line 614: Line 612:
|57
|57
|root
|root
|*gwalwiek
|gwalwiek
|
|
|
|
Line 620: Line 618:
|58
|58
|bark (of a tree)
|bark (of a tree)
|*gwazit
|gwazit
|
|
|
|
Line 626: Line 624:
|59
|59
|flower
|flower
|*agianate
|agianate
|
|
|
|
Line 632: Line 630:
|60
|60
|grass
|grass
|*dwaxa
|dwaxa
|
|
|
|
Line 638: Line 636:
|61
|61
|rope
|rope
|*exa
|exa
|
|
|
|
Line 644: Line 642:
|62
|62
|skin
|skin
|*igweywa
|igweywa
|
|
|
|
Line 650: Line 648:
|63
|63
|meat
|meat
|*iadatzgi
|iadatzgi
|
|
|
|
Line 656: Line 654:
|64
|64
|blood
|blood
|*rweadi
|rweadi
|
|
|
|
Line 662: Line 660:
|65
|65
|bone
|bone
|*inagi
|inagi
|
|
|
|
Line 668: Line 666:
|66
|66
|fat (noun)
|fat (noun)
|*iswagaz
|iswagaz
|
|
|
|
Line 674: Line 672:
|67
|67
|egg
|egg
|*rwida
|rwida
|
|
|
|
Line 680: Line 678:
|68
|68
|horn
|horn
|*echoirwa
|echoirwa
|
|
|
|
Line 686: Line 684:
|69
|69
|tail
|tail
|*twacha
|twacha
|
|
|
|
Line 692: Line 690:
|
|
|feather
|feather
|*azwegai
|azwegai
|
|
|
|
Line 698: Line 696:
|
|
|hair
|hair
|*ewel
|ewel
|
|
|
|
Line 704: Line 702:
|
|
|head
|head
|*ayizga
|ayizga
|
|
|
|
Line 710: Line 708:
|
|
|ear
|ear
|*igwazdi
|igwazdi
|
|
|
|
Line 716: Line 714:
|
|
|eye
|eye
|*gwiz
|gwiz
|
|
|
|
Line 722: Line 720:
|
|
|nose
|nose
|*aHas
|aHas
|
|
|
|
Line 728: Line 726:
|
|
|mouth
|mouth
|*izagwar
|izagwar
|
|
|
|
Line 734: Line 732:
|
|
|tooth
|tooth
|*ichiha
|ichiha
|
|
|
|
Line 740: Line 738:
|
|
|tongue (organ)
|tongue (organ)
|*iHa
|iHa
|
|
|
|
Line 746: Line 744:
|
|
|fingernail
|fingernail
|*eigwant
|eigwant
|
|
|
|
Line 752: Line 750:
|
|
|foot
|foot
|*igichi
|igichi
|
|
|
|
Line 758: Line 756:
|
|
|leg
|leg
|*igiHa
|igiHa
|
|
|
|
Line 764: Line 762:
|
|
|knee
|knee
|*niHea
|niHea
|
|
|
|
Line 770: Line 768:
|
|
|hand
|hand
|*izweagi
|izweagi
|
|
|
|
Line 776: Line 774:
|
|
|wing
|wing
|*gweiget
|gweiget
|
|
|
|
Line 782: Line 780:
|
|
|belly
|belly
|*igwadsi
|igwadsi
|
|
|
|
Line 788: Line 786:
|
|
|guts
|guts
|*iadatzgi
|iadatzgi
|
|
|
|
Line 794: Line 792:
|
|
|neck
|neck
|*tadsga
|tadsga
|
|
|
|
Line 800: Line 798:
|
|
|back
|back
|*riHi
|riHi
|
|
|
|
Line 806: Line 804:
|
|
|breast
|breast
|*peke
|peke
|
|
|
|
Line 812: Line 810:
|
|
|heart
|heart
|*iwaxe
|iwaxe
|
|
|
|
Line 818: Line 816:
|
|
|liver
|liver
|*Hagziel
|Hagziel
|
|
|
|
Line 824: Line 822:
|
|
|to drink
|to drink
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |*ibwaHi
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |ibwaHi
| rowspan="2" |translatable as  
| rowspan="2" |translatable as  
''to consume''
''to consume''
Line 835: Line 833:
|
|
|to bite
|to bite
|*girwe
|girwe
|
|
|
|
Line 841: Line 839:
|
|
|to suck
|to suck
|*karwan
|karwan
|
|
|
|
Line 847: Line 845:
|
|
|to spit
|to spit
|*Him
|Him
|
|
|
|
Line 853: Line 851:
|
|
|to vomit
|to vomit
|*bregwi
|bregwi
|
|
|
|
Line 859: Line 857:
|
|
|to blow
|to blow
|*brizgi
|brizgi
|
|
|
|
Line 865: Line 863:
|
|
|to breathe
|to breathe
|*igi
|igi
|
|
|
|
Line 871: Line 869:
|
|
|to laugh
|to laugh
|*aegiwa
|aegiwa
|
|
|
|
Line 877: Line 875:
|
|
|to see
|to see
|*hizwi
|hizwi
|
|
|
|
Line 883: Line 881:
|
|
|to hear
|to hear
|*twa
|twa
|
|
|
|
Line 889: Line 887:
|
|
|to know
|to know
|*isan
|isan
|
|
|
|
Line 895: Line 893:
|
|
|to think
|to think
|*ikwin
|ikwin
|
|
|
|
Line 901: Line 899:
|
|
|to smell
|to smell
|*gekwas
|gekwas
|
|
|
|
Line 907: Line 905:
|
|
|to fear
|to fear
|*ige
|ige
|
|
|
|
Line 913: Line 911:
|
|
|to sleep
|to sleep
|*erwiHieg
|erwiHieg
|
|
|
|
Line 919: Line 917:
|
|
|to live
|to live
|*arise
|arise
|
|
|
|
Line 925: Line 923:
|
|
|to die
|to die
|*erwi
|erwi
|
|
|
|
Line 931: Line 929:
|
|
|to kill
|to kill
|*erwikan
|erwikan
|
|
|
|
Line 937: Line 935:
|
|
|to fight
|to fight
|*iagazawe
|iagazawe
|
|
|
|
Line 943: Line 941:
|
|
|to hunt
|to hunt
|*heka
|heka
|
|
|
|
Line 949: Line 947:
|
|
|to hit
|to hit
|*ka
|ka
|
|
|
|
Line 955: Line 953:
|
|
|to cut
|to cut
|*gwein
|gwein
|
|
|
|
Line 961: Line 959:
|
|
|to split
|to split
|*gizwina
|gizwina
|
|
|
|
Line 967: Line 965:
|
|
|to stab
|to stab
|*exagwa
|exagwa
|
|
|
|
Line 973: Line 971:
|
|
|to scratch
|to scratch
|*xaxexi
|xaxexi
|
|
|
|
Line 979: Line 977:
|
|
|to dig
|to dig
|*HaeHizi
|HaeHizi
|
|
|
|
Line 985: Line 983:
|
|
|to swim
|to swim
|*hizwi
|hizwi
|
|
|
|
Line 991: Line 989:
|
|
|to fly
|to fly
|*azkaget
|azkaget
|
|
|
|
Line 997: Line 995:
|
|
|to walk
|to walk
|*hikaget
|hikaget
|
|
|
|
Line 1,003: Line 1,001:
|
|
|to come
|to come
|*kin
|kin
|
|
|
|
Line 1,009: Line 1,007:
|
|
|to lie (as in a bed)
|to lie (as in a bed)
|*agni
|agni
|
|
|
|
Line 1,015: Line 1,013:
|
|
|to sit
|to sit
|*akwe
|akwe
|
|
|
|
Line 1,021: Line 1,019:
|
|
|to stand
|to stand
|*ewke
|ewke
|
|
|
|
Line 1,027: Line 1,025:
|
|
|to turn (intransitive)
|to turn (intransitive)
|*git
|git
|
|
|
|
Line 1,033: Line 1,031:
|
|
|to fall
|to fall
|*rwiseaz
|rwiseaz
|
|
|
|
Line 1,039: Line 1,037:
|
|
|to give
|to give
|*azgandi
|azgandi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,045: Line 1,043:
|
|
|to hold
|to hold
|*ixedzi
|ixedzi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,051: Line 1,049:
|
|
|to squeeze
|to squeeze
|*itwega
|itwega
|
|
|
|
Line 1,057: Line 1,055:
|
|
|to rub
|to rub
|*icexa
|icexa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,063: Line 1,061:
|
|
|to wash
|to wash
|*xeHan
|xeHan
|
|
|
|
Line 1,069: Line 1,067:
|
|
|to wipe
|to wipe
|*kiHazgam
|kiHazgam
|
|
|
|
Line 1,075: Line 1,073:
|
|
|to pull
|to pull
|*rwisega
|rwisega
|
|
|
|
Line 1,081: Line 1,079:
|
|
|to push
|to push
|*sa
|sa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,087: Line 1,085:
|
|
|to throw
|to throw
|*sixaga
|sixaga
|
|
|
|
Line 1,093: Line 1,091:
|
|
|to tie
|to tie
|*nagwiza
|nagwiza
|
|
|
|
Line 1,099: Line 1,097:
|
|
|to sew
|to sew
|*ixegida
|ixegida
|
|
|
|
Line 1,105: Line 1,103:
|
|
|to count
|to count
|*aegizki
|aegizki
|
|
|
|
Line 1,111: Line 1,109:
|
|
|to say
|to say
|*a
|a
|
|
|
|
Line 1,117: Line 1,115:
|
|
|to sing
|to sing
|*anichaxirwa
|anichaxirwa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,123: Line 1,121:
|
|
|to play
|to play
|*kagwane
|kagwane
|
|
|
|
Line 1,129: Line 1,127:
|
|
|to float
|to float
|*chizad
|chizad
|
|
|
|
Line 1,135: Line 1,133:
|
|
|to flow
|to flow
|*xaecha
|xaecha
|
|
|
|
Line 1,141: Line 1,139:
|
|
|to freeze
|to freeze
|*chi
|chi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,147: Line 1,145:
|
|
|to swell
|to swell
|*gwaHaHagi
|gwaHaHagi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,153: Line 1,151:
|
|
|sun
|sun
|*sawal
|sawal
|
|
|
|
Line 1,159: Line 1,157:
|
|
|moon
|moon
|*rwexurgzi
|rwexurgzi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,165: Line 1,163:
|
|
|star
|star
|*sawgi
|sawgi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,171: Line 1,169:
|
|
|water
|water
|*iadatzgi
|iadatzgi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,177: Line 1,175:
|
|
|rain
|rain
|*Himazgi
|Himazgi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,183: Line 1,181:
|
|
|river
|river
|*Himahi
|Himahi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,189: Line 1,187:
|
|
|lake
|lake
|*iHiragwi
|iHiragwi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,195: Line 1,193:
|
|
|sea
|sea
|*tarwa
|tarwa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,201: Line 1,199:
|
|
|salt
|salt
|*tarwazgi
|tarwazgi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,207: Line 1,205:
|
|
|stone
|stone
|*tarwatzi
|tarwatzi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,213: Line 1,211:
|
|
|sand
|sand
|*arwigixi
|arwigixi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,219: Line 1,217:
|
|
|dust
|dust
|*ie
|ie
|
|
|
|
Line 1,225: Line 1,223:
|
|
|earth
|earth
|*tarwazgi
|tarwazgi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,231: Line 1,229:
|
|
|cloud
|cloud
|*Hain
|Hain
|
|
|
|
Line 1,237: Line 1,235:
|
|
|fog
|fog
|*maizedi
|maizedi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,243: Line 1,241:
|
|
|sky
|sky
|*sawgicheza
|sawgicheza
|
|
|
|
Line 1,249: Line 1,247:
|
|
|wind
|wind
|*Hi
|Hi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,255: Line 1,253:
|
|
|snow
|snow
|*xaHil
|xaHil
|
|
|
|
Line 1,261: Line 1,259:
|
|
|ice
|ice
|*xeagwi
|xeagwi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,267: Line 1,265:
|
|
|smoke
|smoke
|*iegwil
|iegwil
|
|
|
|
Line 1,273: Line 1,271:
|
|
|fire
|fire
|*xigwan
|xigwan
|
|
|
|
Line 1,279: Line 1,277:
|
|
|ash
|ash
|*kanye
|kanye
|
|
|
|
Line 1,285: Line 1,283:
|
|
|to burn
|to burn
|*skwal
|skwal
|
|
|
|
Line 1,291: Line 1,289:
|
|
|road
|road
|*ba
|ba
|
|
|
|
Line 1,297: Line 1,295:
|
|
|mountain
|mountain
|*azwegwi
|azwegwi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,303: Line 1,301:
|
|
|red
|red
|*karwa
|karwa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,309: Line 1,307:
|
|
|green
|green
|*gwaezgi
|gwaezgi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,315: Line 1,313:
|
|
|yellow
|yellow
|*sawlagari
|sawlagari
|
|
|
|
Line 1,321: Line 1,319:
|
|
|white
|white
|*e
|e
|
|
|
|
Line 1,327: Line 1,325:
|
|
|black
|black
|*nagan
|nagan
|
|
|
|
Line 1,333: Line 1,331:
|
|
|night
|night
|*epwegi
|epwegi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,339: Line 1,337:
|
|
|day
|day
|*tarwizgari
|tarwizgari
|
|
|
|
Line 1,345: Line 1,343:
|
|
|year
|year
|*yerwa
|yerwa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,351: Line 1,349:
|
|
|warm
|warm
|*ietarwa
|ietarwa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,357: Line 1,355:
|
|
|cold
|cold
|*narwal
|narwal
|
|
|
|
Line 1,363: Line 1,361:
|
|
|full
|full
|*xachaHin
|xachaHin
|
|
|
|
Line 1,369: Line 1,367:
|
|
|new
|new
|*maHizdi
|maHizdi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,375: Line 1,373:
|
|
|old
|old
|*gezgin
|gezgin
|
|
|
|
Line 1,381: Line 1,379:
|
|
|good
|good
|*anarwaizgi
|anarwaizgi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,387: Line 1,385:
|
|
|bad
|bad
|*ingagwa
|ingagwa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,393: Line 1,391:
|
|
|rotten
|rotten
|*iagangi
|iagangi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,399: Line 1,397:
|
|
|dirty
|dirty
|*gwai
|gwai
|
|
|
|
Line 1,405: Line 1,403:
|
|
|straight
|straight
|*igaderwa
|igaderwa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,411: Line 1,409:
|
|
|round
|round
|*swe
|swe
|
|
|
|
Line 1,417: Line 1,415:
|
|
|sharp (as a knife)
|sharp (as a knife)
|*xei
|xei
|
|
|
|
Line 1,423: Line 1,421:
|
|
|dull (as a knife)
|dull (as a knife)
|*dan
|dan
|
|
|
|
Line 1,429: Line 1,427:
|
|
|smooth
|smooth
|*swearwi
|swearwi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,435: Line 1,433:
|
|
|wet
|wet
|*gwan
|gwan
|
|
|
|
Line 1,441: Line 1,439:
|
|
|dry
|dry
|*swag
|swag
|
|
|
|
Line 1,447: Line 1,445:
|
|
|correct
|correct
|*nirwadi
|nirwadi
|
|
|
|
Line 1,453: Line 1,451:
|
|
|near
|near
|*kaiHa
|kaiHa
|
|
|
|
Line 1,459: Line 1,457:
|
|
|far
|far
|*na
|na
|
|
|
|
Line 1,465: Line 1,463:
|
|
|right
|right
|*gin
|gin
|
|
|
|
Line 1,471: Line 1,469:
|
|
|left
|left
|*west
|west
|
|
|
|
Line 1,477: Line 1,475:
|
|
|at
|at
|*ega
|ega
|
|
|
|
Line 1,483: Line 1,481:
|
|
|in
|in
|*irwen
|irwen
|
|
|
|
Line 1,489: Line 1,487:
|
|
|with
|with
|*agze
|agze
|
|
|
|
Line 1,495: Line 1,493:
|
|
|and
|and
|*eta
|eta
|
|
|
|
Line 1,501: Line 1,499:
|
|
|if
|if
|*aneiz
|aneiz
|
|
|
|
Line 1,507: Line 1,505:
|
|
|because
|because
|*echan
|echan
|
|
|
|
Line 1,513: Line 1,511:
|
|
|name
|name
|*nan
|nan
|
|
|
|

Revision as of 17:05, 24 February 2025

Proto-Azkali is the reconstructed ancestor of the modern Azkali language. Along with Proto-Ukilen, the reconstruction on Proto-Azkali is one of the most extensive compared to other languages. The first conventional of Proto-Azkali started in 1500 AD, leading to the establishment of many modern linguistic reconstruction techniques that have been used for reconstructions of other languages.

History

Throughout early Azkali history, there have been countless records that corroborate the existence of Proto-Azkali as a language. The oldest grammar book in the world, the Azalyi Gazi Chixgartai Ka, often shortened as the Azalyi Chixgartai, describes Proto-Azkali's grammar and phonology as it was in approximately 6000 BCE, and the book itself dates to atleast 900 BCE, or as late as 1100 BCE. As such, the Azalyi Chixgartai remains the

Urhemiat

The homeland of Proto-Azkali speakers has been debated for centuries. There are two leading theories, the Northern Ukilen hypothesis and the Southwest (northern continent) hypothesis, also rather infamously known as the (northern continent) conondrum.

Northern Ukilen hypothesis

The Northern Ukilen hypothesis, first proposed in 1601 by Oikan polymath [insert name here], posits the homeland of Proto Azkali speakers in Northeast Ukilen continent, centered around Bongsibon. The Northern Ukilen hypothesis was the first theory for the homeland of Azkali ever proposed, and directly caused increased awareness of reconstruction of Proto-Azkali.

Pre-East-Brausian substrate hypothesis

Phonology

Consonants

The consonants of Proto-Azkali are, in standard notation:

Consonants Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal
Alveolar Palatal
Plain Labialized Plain Labialized
Nasals m

/m/

n

/n/

nw

/nʷ/

ny

/ɲ/

ng

/ŋ/

Plosives voiceless p

/p/

t

/t/

tw

/tʷ/

c

/c/

k

/k/

kw

/kʷ/

voiced b

/p'~b/

d

/t'~d/

dw

/tʷ'~dʷ/

g

/k'~g/

gw

/kʷ'~gʷ/

Fricatives voiceless s

/s/

sw

/sʷ/

ch

/ç/

x

/x~χ/

xw

/xʷ~χʷ/

h

/h/

voiced z

/s'~z/

zw

/sʷ'-zʷ/

Semivowels l

/l/

y

/j/

Rhotic r

/ɹ/

rw

/ɹʷ/

Nasal sounds could not appear word initially, nor it appears could s or z. The rhotic r /ɹ/ possibly could have been a trill /r/ word initially.

Vowels

The vowel system of Proto-Azkali was a vertical vowel system, containing the three vowels /i/, /e/, and /a/, shown below;

Front
Close i

/i~ɪ/

Mid e

/e~ɛ/

Open a

/a/

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns in Proto-Azkali declined for 6 cases: the Nominative, marking the object of a transitive or intransitive verb, the Ergative, marking the subject of a transitive verb, the Accusative marking the direct object of a transitive verb and in past clauses, the subject of intransitive verbs and the direct objects of transitive verbs, the Genitive, marking a relationship between two nouns, the Privative, marking the lack of ownership specifically on a marked noun, and the Instrumental, marking the noun as being the instrument by which the verb was accomplished (this can be a physical object or a concept). Neither Proto-Azkali verbs nor nouns nor adjectives were inflected, with all inflection being conveyed via particles.

Proto-Azkali had a split-ergative morphological alignment. In the future and present tenses, the nominative and accusative cases were used; in past tenses, the ergative case was used, and the accusative case acted as the absolutive case. Case marking appeared to have been conveyed via particles, shown below:

Proto-Azkali case
Nominative Ø
Ergative ne
Accusative ka
Genitive kaca
Privative za
Instrumental gazi

Verbs

Verbs in Proto-Azkali were not conjugated. Instead, all relevant information were signified, like nouns, with particles. These particles changed for person, tense, aspect, and mood. Proto-Azkali verbal particles could conjugate for two tenses (past and non past), aspect (imperfective, perfective), and mood (indicative, subjunctive, positive imperative, and negative imperative), in addition to the subject, direct object, and indirect object of a phrase when applicable.

Verbs in Proto-Azkali were exceedingly regular, even more so than modern forms of the Azkali language. There were no irregular verbs in the language at all. Contrastingly, verbal particles were by far the most complex parts of Proto-Azkali grammar. This is the template for a verbal particle in Proto-Azkali:

Person Tense

Aspect

Mood Person

Person indices

Person marking in verbal particles were indicated by prefixes and suffixes. We will first cover the prefixes, which marked the subject of intransitive verbs and the direct objects of transitive ones.

Nominative subject/direct object marking (with examples)
Pronoun Suffix Verb examples

(Present tense,

perfective aspect,

indicative mood)

etwai (to hear) akwe (to sit) hizwi (to see)
1 singular ke ke- keran etwai

(I hear)

keran akwe

(I sit)

keranik hizwi

(I saw myself)

1 plural es e- eran etwai

(We hear)

eran akwe

(We sit)

eranik hizwi

(We saw ourselves)

2 singular te te- teran etwai

(You hear)

teran akwe

(You sit)

teranik hizwi

(You saw yourself)

2 plural ean ea- earan etwai

(You all hear)

earan akwe

(You all sit)

earanek hizwi

(You all saw yourselves)

3 singular bai b- baran etwai

(He/she/it hears)

baran akwe

(He/she/it sits)

baranak hizwi

(He/she/it saw themselves)

3 plural en n- neran etwai

(They hear)

neran akwe

(They sit)

neranek hizwi

(They saw themself)

Lexicon

No. Gloss Proto-Azkali

(Nora 1960)

Notes Modern Azkali
1 I ke
2 you (singular) te
3 he, she, it bai
4 we es
5 you (plural) ean
6 they en
7 this anasgeri
8 that keri
9 here an
10 there en
11 who gamea
12 what gamera
13 where gachera
14 when gesera
15 how kea
16 not ga(n)-
17 all ke(n)-
18 many gazg(i)-
19 some eze(n)-
20 few -(n)an
21 other -(sw)en
22 one chat
23 two chatei
24 three charei
25 four chamadei
26 five chakei
27 big chi
28 long nachi
29 wide nazki
30 thick gizki
31 heavy debi
32 small mei
33 short kagi
34 narrow kagea
35 thin gikwesan
36 woman chemega
37 man (adult male) chamiga
38 man (kali being) echalia
39 child esachigi
40 wife chetaz translatable as

partner

41 husband
42 mother mama
43 father papa
44 animal chitzaga
45 fish bazga
46 bird tagisi
47 dog rwaztagi
48 louse hiyerwa
49 snake ezaze
50 worm azardaxe
51 tree gwaeti
52 forest gwar
53 stick dera
54 fruit ralisa
55 seed cai
56 leaf gwayti
57 root gwalwiek
58 bark (of a tree) gwazit
59 flower agianate
60 grass dwaxa
61 rope exa
62 skin igweywa
63 meat iadatzgi
64 blood rweadi
65 bone inagi
66 fat (noun) iswagaz
67 egg rwida
68 horn echoirwa
69 tail twacha
feather azwegai
hair ewel
head ayizga
ear igwazdi
eye gwiz
nose aHas
mouth izagwar
tooth ichiha
tongue (organ) iHa
fingernail eigwant
foot igichi
leg igiHa
knee niHea
hand izweagi
wing gweiget
belly igwadsi
guts iadatzgi
neck tadsga
back riHi
breast peke
heart iwaxe
liver Hagziel
to drink ibwaHi translatable as

to consume

to eat
to bite girwe
to suck karwan
to spit Him
to vomit bregwi
to blow brizgi
to breathe igi
to laugh aegiwa
to see hizwi
to hear twa
to know isan
to think ikwin
to smell gekwas
to fear ige
to sleep erwiHieg
to live arise
to die erwi
to kill erwikan
to fight iagazawe
to hunt heka
to hit ka
to cut gwein
to split gizwina
to stab exagwa
to scratch xaxexi
to dig HaeHizi
to swim hizwi
to fly azkaget
to walk hikaget
to come kin
to lie (as in a bed) agni
to sit akwe
to stand ewke
to turn (intransitive) git
to fall rwiseaz
to give azgandi
to hold ixedzi
to squeeze itwega
to rub icexa
to wash xeHan
to wipe kiHazgam
to pull rwisega
to push sa
to throw sixaga
to tie nagwiza
to sew ixegida
to count aegizki
to say a
to sing anichaxirwa
to play kagwane
to float chizad
to flow xaecha
to freeze chi
to swell gwaHaHagi
sun sawal
moon rwexurgzi
star sawgi
water iadatzgi
rain Himazgi
river Himahi
lake iHiragwi
sea tarwa
salt tarwazgi
stone tarwatzi
sand arwigixi
dust ie
earth tarwazgi
cloud Hain
fog maizedi
sky sawgicheza
wind Hi
snow xaHil
ice xeagwi
smoke iegwil
fire xigwan
ash kanye
to burn skwal
road ba
mountain azwegwi
red karwa
green gwaezgi
yellow sawlagari
white e
black nagan
night epwegi
day tarwizgari
year yerwa
warm ietarwa
cold narwal
full xachaHin
new maHizdi
old gezgin
good anarwaizgi
bad ingagwa
rotten iagangi
dirty gwai
straight igaderwa
round swe
sharp (as a knife) xei
dull (as a knife) dan
smooth swearwi
wet gwan
dry swag
correct nirwadi
near kaiHa
far na
right gin
left west
at ega
in irwen
with agze
and eta
if aneiz
because echan
name nan

Contact with Proto-Ukilen

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