Kjaxono verbs: Difference between revisions
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== Overview == | == Overview == | ||
Kjaxono verbs are constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features. | Kjaxono verbs are constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features. Kjaxono verbs are also unique in that there are only 200-300 verbs in the language; more precise meanings are expressed by auxiliary verbs, or serial strings of other verbs. Kjaxono verbs are extremely closed class, contrasting with nouns, which are not. | ||
Kjaxono verbs are | Kjaxono verbs are constructed radically different than in other languages | ||
A unique feature only found in the [[Xjedgjaŋ languages|Xjedgjaŋ]] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, with aspect being how an event ''extends'' over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise meanings. There are four patterns in Kjaxono: | A unique feature only found in the [[Xjedgjaŋ languages|Xjedgjaŋ]] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, with aspect being how an event ''extends'' over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise meanings. There are four patterns in Kjaxono: | ||
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=== Vowel grades === | === Vowel grades === | ||
These are the Kjaxono vowel grades. There are four vowel grades - the direct grade, reportative grade, assumptive grade, and neutral grade. The first three are used to indicate evidentiality within the verb. The direct grade is used for scenarios when the speaker directly witnessed the actions they talk about. The reportative grade is used for scenarios when the speaker is only reporting the actions they talk about. The assumptive grade is used for scenarios when the speaker assumes the actions they talk about occurred. The neutral grade is used for when evidentiality is not marked. | These are the Kjaxono vowel grades. There are four vowel grades - the direct grade, reportative grade, assumptive grade, and neutral grade. The first three are used to indicate evidentiality within the verb. The direct grade is used for scenarios when the speaker directly witnessed the actions they talk about. The reportative grade is used for scenarios when the speaker is only reporting the actions they talk about. The assumptive grade is used for scenarios when the speaker assumes the actions they talk about occurred. The neutral grade is used for when evidentiality is not marked, and it is signified with the lack of a vowel in both vowel grade positions, but oftentimes a schwa is inserted to break up particularly large consonant clusters. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| -sVk | | -sVk | ||
|to the left | |to the left | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -Vm | | -Vm | ||
|to the right | |to the right | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -q̌xVd | | -q̌xVd | ||
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|over a curving path | |over a curving path | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== Examples === | |||
"Assumptively, I usually could have repeatedly gone in a curved path to him" translates to ''hǒ̖jgǒ̖qośrntdǒ̖m.'' | |||
== Nonobjective verb conjugation == | == Nonobjective verb conjugation == | ||
== Irregular verbs == | == Irregular verbs == | ||