Hngatil grammar: Difference between revisions

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A list of all aspectual suffix forms is shown below;

{| class="wikitable"

|+

|+Hngatil aspectual forms

!Aspect

!Pfct.

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== Nominal morphology ==

It has been interpreted by some that Hngatil is a language that lacks nouns in the truest sense - a vast majority of nouns are derived from verbs plus a nominalizing suffix, with only the most common nouns lacking this marking. In most Hngatil grammars, these two classes of nouns are split into two different parts of speech; nouns derived from verbs are called ''verbal nouns'' and nouns that are not are ~~simply~~ called ''nouns''.

It has been interpreted by some that Hngatil is a language that lacks nouns in the truest sense - a vast majority of nouns are derived from verbs plus a nominalizing suffix, with only the most common nouns lacking this marking. In most Hngatil grammars, these two classes of nouns are split into two different parts of speech; nouns derived from verbs are called ''verbal nouns'' and nouns that are not are called ''simple'' ''nouns''.

One aspect of noun morphology supporting this analysis is that there is different morphology depending on if a given nominal is a verbal noun or a noun, though in general nominal morphology is relatively lackluster in comparison to verbal morphology. In addition, pronouns are reportedly nonexistant, with the idea being conveyed by a verb meaning something like "to be me, to be you", etc.

One aspect of noun morphology supporting this analysis is that there is different morphology depending on if a given nominal is a verbal noun or a simple noun, though in general nominal morphology is relatively lackluster in comparison to verbal morphology. In addition, pronouns are reportedly nonexistant, with the idea being conveyed by a verb meaning something like "to be me, to be you", etc.

=== ~~Noun~~ morphology ===

=== Simple noun morphology ===

~~Nouns~~ in Hngatil are unusual cross-linguistically in that with the exception of inverse case, only objects are marked with cases. In Hngatil, grammatical case describes the object's relation to the subject. Except for the inverse case, all cases are marked using prefixes. ~~Nouns~~ have eight cases (technically nine, if one includes the always unmarked direct case) that can be declined for - they are the '''inverse case''' (denoting that the true subject of the sentence is different than what would be implied on the person hierarchy), the '''lative case''' (used when the object is moving to the subject), the '''adelative case''' (denoting the object as moving away from the vague vicinity where the subject is), the '''ablative case''' (denoting the object as moving specifically ''from inside'' the subject, or sometimes moving away from the specific area where the subject is located at), the '''essive case''' (denoting that the object as a temporary quality of the subject; more often than not, this can be used to turn nouns into adjectives), the '''distal-originative case''' (denoting the fact that the subject is moving towards the object which is marked, and that the object is far away from the subject), the '''proximal-originative case''' (denoting the fact that the subject is moving towards the object which is marked, and that the object is close to the subject), and the '''infinitive case''' (denoting the object as an abstract concept, or having indeterminate properties, position, shape, etc). The inverse case is marked on the first noun of a sentence.

Simple nouns in Hngatil are unusual cross-linguistically in that with the exception of inverse case, only objects are marked with cases. In Hngatil, grammatical case describes the object's relation to the subject. Except for the inverse case, all cases are marked using prefixes. Simple nouns have eight cases (technically nine, if one includes the always unmarked direct case) that can be declined for - they are the '''inverse case''' (denoting that the true subject of the sentence is different than what would be implied on the person hierarchy), the '''lative case''' (used when the object is moving to the subject), the '''adelative case''' (denoting the object as moving away from the vague vicinity where the subject is), the '''ablative case''' (denoting the object as moving specifically ''from inside'' the subject, or sometimes moving away from the specific area where the subject is located at), the '''essive case''' (denoting that the object as a temporary quality of the subject; more often than not, this can be used to turn nouns into adjectives), the '''distal-originative case''' (denoting the fact that the subject is moving towards the object which is marked, and that the object is far away from the subject), the '''proximal-originative case''' (denoting the fact that the subject is moving towards the object which is marked, and that the object is close to the subject), and the '''infinitive case''' (denoting the object as an abstract concept, or having indeterminate properties, position, shape, etc). The inverse case is marked on the first noun of a sentence.

The following chart shows the forms of each case:

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|gg(a)-

|}

Simple nouns, when

=== Verbal noun morphology ===

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!First/second/third person

reflexive

!Inanimate

! rowspan="2" |Inanimate objects

|-

!Kalis,

lightning,

wind, palm trees

!Humans, Kaneeds, Qoxonit, Kjarelen, Kali infants/children, cacti, all other plants, pets

!Midsized animals, children in general

!Insects

!Small animals

!Natural forces besides wind and lightning

!Abstract concepts

|}

=== Word order ===

Basic word order in Hngatil depends on the transitivity of a verb in a phrase. For phrases that only contain an intransitive verb, or ambitransitive verbs that are used intransitively, the basic word order is as follows: ''Verb-Adjective/Adverb-Subject''. For phrases that contain transitive, ditransitive, or ambritransitive verbs used transitively, the word order is ''Verb-Subject-Adjective/Adverb-Direct Object-Indirect Object'', when applicable.

@@ Line 158: / Line 158: @@
 A list of all aspectual suffix forms is shown below;
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+
+|+Hngatil aspectual forms
 !Aspect
 !Pfct.
@@ Line 202: / Line 202: @@
 == Nominal morphology ==
-It has been interpreted by some that Hngatil is a language that lacks nouns in the truest sense - a vast majority of nouns are derived from verbs plus a nominalizing suffix, with only the most common nouns lacking this marking. In most Hngatil grammars, these two classes of nouns are split into two different parts of speech; nouns derived from verbs are called ''verbal nouns'' and nouns that are not are simply called ''nouns''.
+It has been interpreted by some that Hngatil is a language that lacks nouns in the truest sense - a vast majority of nouns are derived from verbs plus a nominalizing suffix, with only the most common nouns lacking this marking. In most Hngatil grammars, these two classes of nouns are split into two different parts of speech; nouns derived from verbs are called ''verbal nouns'' and nouns that are not are called ''simple'' ''nouns''.
-One aspect of noun morphology supporting this analysis is that there is different morphology depending on if a given nominal is a verbal noun or a noun, though in general nominal morphology is relatively lackluster in comparison to verbal morphology. In addition, pronouns are reportedly nonexistant, with the idea being conveyed by a verb meaning something like "to be me, to be you", etc.
+One aspect of noun morphology supporting this analysis is that there is different morphology depending on if a given nominal is a verbal noun or a simple noun, though in general nominal morphology is relatively lackluster in comparison to verbal morphology. In addition, pronouns are reportedly nonexistant, with the idea being conveyed by a verb meaning something like "to be me, to be you", etc.
-=== Noun morphology ===
+=== Simple noun morphology ===
-Nouns in Hngatil are unusual cross-linguistically in that with the exception of inverse case, only objects are marked with cases. In Hngatil, grammatical case describes the object's relation to the subject. Except for the inverse case, all cases are marked using prefixes. Nouns have eight cases (technically nine, if one includes the always unmarked direct case) that can be declined for - they are the '''inverse case''' (denoting that the true subject of the sentence is different than what would be implied on the person hierarchy), the '''lative case''' (used when the object is moving to the subject), the '''adelative case''' (denoting the object as moving away from the vague vicinity where the subject is), the '''ablative case''' (denoting the object as moving specifically ''from inside'' the subject, or sometimes moving away from the specific area where the subject is located at), the '''essive case''' (denoting that the object as a temporary quality of the subject; more often than not, this can be used to turn nouns into adjectives), the '''distal-originative case''' (denoting the fact that the subject is moving towards the object which is marked, and that the object is far away from the subject), the '''proximal-originative case''' (denoting the fact that the subject is moving towards the object which is marked, and that the object is close to the subject), and the '''infinitive case''' (denoting the object as an abstract concept, or having indeterminate properties, position, shape, etc). The inverse case is marked on the first noun of a sentence.
+Simple nouns in Hngatil are unusual cross-linguistically in that with the exception of inverse case, only objects are marked with cases. In Hngatil, grammatical case describes the object's relation to the subject. Except for the inverse case, all cases are marked using prefixes. Simple nouns have eight cases (technically nine, if one includes the always unmarked direct case) that can be declined for - they are the '''inverse case''' (denoting that the true subject of the sentence is different than what would be implied on the person hierarchy), the '''lative case''' (used when the object is moving to the subject), the '''adelative case''' (denoting the object as moving away from the vague vicinity where the subject is), the '''ablative case''' (denoting the object as moving specifically ''from inside'' the subject, or sometimes moving away from the specific area where the subject is located at), the '''essive case''' (denoting that the object as a temporary quality of the subject; more often than not, this can be used to turn nouns into adjectives), the '''distal-originative case''' (denoting the fact that the subject is moving towards the object which is marked, and that the object is far away from the subject), the '''proximal-originative case''' (denoting the fact that the subject is moving towards the object which is marked, and that the object is close to the subject), and the '''infinitive case''' (denoting the object as an abstract concept, or having indeterminate properties, position, shape, etc). The inverse case is marked on the first noun of a sentence.
 The following chart shows the forms of each case:
@@ Line 238: / Line 238: @@
 |gg(a)-
 |}
+Simple nouns, when
 === Verbal noun morphology ===
@@ Line 259: / Line 260: @@
 !First/second/third person
 reflexive
-!Inanimate
+! rowspan="2" |Inanimate objects
+|-
+!Kalis,
+lightning,
+wind, palm trees
+!Humans, Kaneeds, Qoxonit, Kjarelen, Kali infants/children, cacti, all other plants, pets
+!Midsized animals, children in general
+!Insects
+!Small animals
+!Natural forces besides wind and lightning
+!Abstract concepts
 |}
 === Word order ===
 Basic word order in Hngatil depends on the transitivity of a verb in a phrase. For phrases that only contain an intransitive verb, or ambitransitive verbs that are used intransitively, the basic word order is as follows: ''Verb-Adjective/Adverb-Subject''. For phrases that contain transitive, ditransitive, or ambritransitive verbs used transitively, the word order is ''Verb-Subject-Adjective/Adverb-Direct Object-Indirect Object'', when applicable.