Hngatil grammar: Difference between revisions

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# '''Indicative''' - used for factual statements from the viewpoint of the speaker, but most commonly used to confirm the statement as true when doubted

# '''Conditional''' - used for actions that are dependent on other actions to occur

# '''Conditional''' - used for actions that are dependent on other actions to occur - usually has a past implication

# '''Optative''' - used for actions that the speaker wishes, assumes, or hopes to occur

# '''Optative''' - used for actions that the speaker wishes, assumes, or hopes to occur - usually has a future implication

# '''Presumptive''' - used for actions that are presumed or theorized to happen based on prior evidence, or reasoning - usually has a future implication

# '''Presumptive''' - used for actions that are presumed or theorized to happen (or have happened) based on prior evidence, or reasoning - usually has a future implication

# '''Inferential''' - used for referring to actions that the speaker has not personally witnessed, and has inferred to have happened based on prior evidence, or reasoning. - usually has a past implication

{| class="wikitable"

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It has been interpreted by some that Hngatil is a language that lacks nouns in the truest sense - a vast majority of nouns are derived from verbs plus a nominalizing suffix, with only the most common nouns lacking this marking. In most Hngatil grammars, these two classes of nouns are split into two different parts of speech; nouns derived from verbs are called ''verbal nouns'' and nouns that are not are simply called ''nouns''.

One aspect of noun morphology supporting this analysis is that there is different morphology depending on if a given nominal is a verbal noun or a noun, though in general nominal morphology is relatively lackluster in comparison to verbal morphology.

One aspect of noun morphology supporting this analysis is that there is different morphology depending on if a given nominal is a verbal noun or a noun, though in general nominal morphology is relatively lackluster in comparison to verbal morphology. In addition, pronouns are reportedly nonexistant, with the idea being conveyed by a verb meaning something like "to be me, to be you", etc.

~~In addition~~, ~~pronouns~~ are ~~reportedly nonexistant~~, ~~with~~ the ~~idea being conveyed by a verb meaning something like~~ "~~to be me, to be you~~"~~, etc.~~

=== Noun morphology ===

Nouns in Hngatil are unusual cross-linguistically in that with the exception of inverse case, only objects are marked with cases. In Hngatil, grammatical case describes the object's relation to the subject.

{| class="wikitable"

|+

!Inverse case

|

|-

!Lative case

|

|-

!Adelative case

|

|-

!Ablative case

|

|-

!Essive case

|

|-

!DIstal-originative

case

|

|-

!Proxmal-originative

case

|

|-

!Infinitive case

|

|}

=== Verbal noun morphology ===

== Syntax ==

Hngatil is one of the few languages cross-linguistically speaking with a ''direct-inverse'' morphosyntactic alignment.

=== Word order ===

@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 # '''Indicative''' - used for factual statements from the viewpoint of the speaker, but most commonly used to confirm the statement as true when doubted
-# '''Conditional''' - used for actions that are dependent on other actions to occur
+# '''Conditional''' - used for actions that are dependent on other actions to occur - usually has a past implication
-# '''Optative''' - used for actions that the speaker wishes, assumes, or hopes to occur
+# '''Optative''' - used for actions that the speaker wishes, assumes, or hopes to occur - usually has a future implication
-# '''Presumptive''' - used for actions that are presumed or theorized to happen based on prior evidence, or reasoning - usually has a future implication
+# '''Presumptive''' - used for actions that are presumed or theorized to happen (or have happened) based on prior evidence, or reasoning - usually has a future implication
 # '''Inferential''' - used for referring to actions that the speaker has not personally witnessed, and has inferred to have happened based on prior evidence, or reasoning. - usually has a past implication
 {| class="wikitable"
@@ Line 163: / Line 163: @@
 It has been interpreted by some that Hngatil is a language that lacks nouns in the truest sense - a vast majority of nouns are derived from verbs plus a nominalizing suffix, with only the most common nouns lacking this marking. In most Hngatil grammars, these two classes of nouns are split into two different parts of speech; nouns derived from verbs are called ''verbal nouns'' and nouns that are not are simply called ''nouns''.
-One aspect of noun morphology supporting this analysis is that there is different morphology depending on if a given nominal is a verbal noun or a noun, though in general nominal morphology is relatively lackluster in comparison to verbal morphology.
+One aspect of noun morphology supporting this analysis is that there is different morphology depending on if a given nominal is a verbal noun or a noun, though in general nominal morphology is relatively lackluster in comparison to verbal morphology. In addition, pronouns are reportedly nonexistant, with the idea being conveyed by a verb meaning something like "to be me, to be you", etc.
-In addition, pronouns are reportedly nonexistant, with the idea being conveyed by a verb meaning something like "to be me, to be you", etc.
+=== Noun morphology ===
+Nouns in Hngatil are unusual cross-linguistically in that with the exception of inverse case, only objects are marked with cases. In Hngatil, grammatical case describes the object's relation to the subject.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+
+!Inverse case
+|
+|-
+!Lative case
+|
+|-
+!Adelative case
+|
+|-
+!Ablative case
+|
+|-
+!Essive case
+|
+|-
+!DIstal-originative
+case
+|
+|-
+!Proxmal-originative
+case
+|
+|-
+!Infinitive case
+|
+|}
+=== Verbal noun morphology ===
 == Syntax ==
+Hngatil is one of the few languages cross-linguistically speaking with a ''direct-inverse'' morphosyntactic alignment.
 === Word order ===