Azkali grammar: Difference between revisions
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Case inflection in Azkali is fairly straightforward; the affixes only change depending on the lack of presence of a root final vowel. There are six grammatical cases in Azkali. The ergative case is used for subjects of transitive verbs. The absolutive case is used for subjects of intransitive verbs and objects of transitive verbs. The possessive case is used for direct ownership. The privative case is used to mark the lack of direct ownership. The dative case is used to mark the indirect object of an action, as well as the purpose of an action. In addition, in extremely formal varieties of Azkali, the dative case is occasionally used to denote a noun that is owned by the noun in the phrase with the possessive case. Finally, the instrumental case is used to mark that the noun is the instrument in which the action is achieved, or occurs; the instrumental case can be used for both physical objects, or ideas and concepts. | Case inflection in Azkali is fairly straightforward; the affixes only change depending on the lack of presence of a root final vowel. There are six grammatical cases in Azkali. The ergative case is used for subjects of transitive verbs. The absolutive case is used for subjects of intransitive verbs and objects of transitive verbs. The possessive case is used for direct ownership. The privative case is used to mark the lack of direct ownership. The dative case is used to mark the indirect object of an action, as well as the purpose of an action. In addition, in extremely formal varieties of Azkali, the dative case is occasionally used to denote a noun that is owned by the noun in the phrase with the possessive case. Finally, the instrumental case is used to mark that the noun is the instrument in which the action is achieved, or occurs; the instrumental case can be used for both physical objects, or ideas and concepts. | ||
In formal varieties of Azkali, the possessive case is used more like a genitive case; the distinction here is that in most forms of Azkali, the possessive case is used purely in the context of possession. Contrastingly, in formal varieties, it's use has broadened to include generic modification. In colloquial forms of Azkali, generic modification is marked by | In formal varieties of Azkali, the possessive case is used more like a genitive case; the distinction here is that in most forms of Azkali, the possessive case is used purely in the context of possession. Contrastingly, in formal varieties, it's use has broadened to include generic modification. In colloquial forms of Azkali, generic modification is marked by the adposition ''haoz''. | ||
The following chart shows each case suffix. | The following chart shows each case suffix. | ||
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Some nouns, particularly common culturally important nouns in [[Turruism]], have irregular case forms. A non exhaustive list of irregular nouns, and their respective forms, follows: | Some nouns, particularly common culturally important nouns in [[Turruism]], have irregular case forms. A non exhaustive list of irregular nouns, and their respective forms, follows: | ||
* ''Tuhakoi (the sun) - Tuhakoin, Tuhakoi Tuhakola, Tzerakaiz, Tukahoti, Tuhakoigez''<ref>''Tuhakoi'' is inherently definite, so it does not need the definite article.</ref> | * ''Tuhakoi'' (the sun) ''- Tuhakoin, Tuhakoi, Tuhakola, Tzerakaiz, Tukahoti, Tuhakoigez''<ref>''Tuhakoi'' is inherently definite, so it does not need the definite article.</ref> | ||
* ''Agnetok'' (hill) - ''Agnetoken, Agnetok, Agnetokak, Agnetoaz, Agnetai, Agnitegaz'' | |||
* ''Turru'' (earth) - ''Turrune, Turru, Kacha Turru, Za Turru, Gatzurru, Gaziturru'' | |||
* ''Ra'' (air) - ''Ran, Ra, Rak, Raiz, Rai, Reis'' | |||
* ''Dharran'' (knowledge) ''Dharren, Dharran, Dharrangak, Dharranaz, Dharrenati, Dharregez'' | |||
==== Number and inverse number ==== | ==== Number and inverse number ==== | ||
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For nouns that end with "tz", a special affix for the paucal number exists. For example, the paucal version of the word ''leizitz'', meaning lizard, is ''leizitzet'', not the expected ''leizitzetz''. | For nouns that end with "tz", a special affix for the paucal number exists. For example, the paucal version of the word ''leizitz'', meaning lizard, is ''leizitzet'', not the expected ''leizitzetz''. | ||
An inverse number system exists in Azkali. | An inverse number system exists in Azkali. For the most part, it is only regularly used in formal speech and common phrases, but it can be seen regularly even in informal speech in Allotian and Otzeipao dialects of Azkali. Inverse number is mostly used on nouns with inherent grammatical number, i.e (a pair of) ''socks'' (with a dual implication), ''cattle'' (with a plural implication), (a pair of) ''scissors'' (with a plural implication), and so on. | ||
=== Pronouns === | === Pronouns === | ||
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|keo ten | |keo ten | ||
|} | |} | ||
The neutral pronouns are used | |||
=== Verbs === | === Verbs === | ||