Pataxea

Proto-Azkali is the reconstructed ancestor of the modern Azkali language. No direct evidence of Proto-Azkali's existance exist. Practically all of the information on Proto-Azkali is based on internal reconstruction. Along with Proto-Ukilen, the reconstruction on Proto-Azkali is one of the most extensive compared to other languages. The first reconstructions of Proto-Azkali started in 1500 AD, leading to the establishment of many modern linguistic reconstruction techniques.

History

Throughout early Azkali history, there has been countless records that corroborate the existence of Proto-Azkali as a language.

Phonology

Consonants

The consonants of Proto-Azkali are, in standard notation:

Consonants		Labial	Coronal		Dorsal	Glottal
			Alveolar	Palatal
Nasals		*m /m/	*n /n/		*ng /ŋ/
Plosives	voiceless	*p /p/	*t /t/	*c /c/	*k /k/
	voiced	*b /p'~b/	*d /t'~d/		*g /k'~g/
Fricatives	voiceless		*s /s/	*ch /ç/	*x /x~χ/	*h /h/
	voiced		*z /s'~z/
Semivowels			*l /l/	*y /j/
Rhotic			*r /ɹ/

Nasal sounds could not appear word initially, nor it appears could *s or *z. The rhotic *r /ɹ/ possibly could have been a trill /r/ word initially.

Vowels

The vowel system of Proto-Azkali was a vertical vowel system, containing the three vowels /i/, /e/, and /a/, shown below;

	Front
Close	*i /i~ɪ/
Mid	*e /e~ɛ/
Open	*a /a/

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns in Proto-Azkali declined for 6 cases: the Nominative, marking the object of a transitive or intransitive verb, the Ergative, marking the subject of a transitive verb, the Accusative marking the direct object of a transitive verb and in past clauses, the subject of intransitive verbs and the direct objects of transitive verbs, the Genitive, marking a relationship between two nouns, the Privative, marking the lack of ownership specifically on a marked noun, and the Instrumental, marking the noun as being the instrument by which the verb was accomplished (this can be a physical object or a concept). Neither Proto-Azkali verbs nor nouns nor adjectives were inflected, with all inflection being conveyed via particles.

Proto-Azkali had a split-ergative morphological alignment. In the future and present tenses, the nominative and accusative cases were used; in past tenses, the ergative case was used, and the accusative case acted as the absolutive case. Case marking appeared to have been conveyed via particles, shown below:

Proto-Azkali case

Nominative	Ø
Ergative	*ne
Accusative	*ka
Genitive	*kaca
Privative	*za
Instrumental	*gazi

Lexicon

No.	Gloss	Proto-Azkali (Nora 1960)	Notes	Modern Azkali
1	I	*ke	(or possibly *ki)	go
2	you (singular)	*te		te
3	he, she, it	*bai		mei
4	we	*an		oen
5	you (plural)	*ean		uen
6	they	*en		ein
7	this	*anasgeri		nazkuriz
8	that	*keri		kauli
9	here	*on		hon
10	there			heri
11	who	*gamea		amori (interrogative)
12	what	*gamera		amozeri (interrogative)
13	where	*gachera		amicheri (interrogative)
14	when	*gesera		isari (interrogative)
15	how	*kea		amera (interrogative)
16	not	*ga(n)-		hu-
17	all	*ke(n)-		gen-
18	many	*gazg(i)-		asti-
19	some	*eze(n)-		sen-
20	few	*-(n)an		irria-
21	other			gou-
22	one	*chat		at
23	two	*chatei		aitei
24	three	*charei		iriu
25	four	*chamadei		madhet
26	five	*chakei		kaizo
27	big			motzi
28	long			zogi
29	wide			sogi
30	thick			astsathi
31	heavy
32	small
33	short
34	narrow
35	thin
36	woman	*chemega		kuiga
37	man (adult male)	*chamiga		maiga
38	man (human being)	*echalia	(either *echalia or *egalia were likely used)	kali
39	child	*sachigi		atsini
40	wife	*chetaz		eitoiz
41	husband			paotoiz
42	mother	*mama		mama
43	father	*papa		papa
44	animal	*chitzaga		isana
45	fish
46	bird
47	dog
48	louse
49	snake	*ezaze	(possibly onomatopoeic)	tzatzu
50	worm	*zordaxe		tzoradhei
51	tree			zamait
52	forest			zamaikon
53	stick
54	fruit
55	seed
56	leaf
5	root
	bark (of a tree)
	flower
	grass
	rope
	skin
	meat
	blood
	bone
	fat (noun)
	egg
	horn
	tail
	feather
	hair
	head
	ear
	eye
	nose
	mouth
	tooth
	tongue (organ)
	fingernail
	foot
	leg
	knee
	hand
	wing
	belly
	guts
	neck
	back
	breast
	heart
	liver
	to drink
	to eat
	to bite
	to suck
	to spit
	to vomit
	to blow
	to breathe
	to laugh
	to see
	to hear
	to know
	to think
	to smell
	to fear
	to sleep
	to live
	to die
	to kill
	to fight
	to hunt
	to hit
	to cut
	to split
	to stab
	to scratch
	to dig
	to swim
	to fly
	to walk
	to come
	to lie (as in a bed)
	to sit
	to stand
	to turn (intransitive)
	to fall
	to give
	to hold
	to squeeze
	to rub
	to wash
	to wipe
	to pull
	to push
	to throw
	to tie
	to sew
	to count
	to say
	to sing
	to play
	to float
	to flow
	to freeze
	to swell
	sun
	moon
	star
	water
	rain
	river
	lake
	sea
	salt
	stone
	sand
	dust
	earth
	cloud
	fog
	sky
	wind
	snow
	ice
	smoke
	fire
	ash
	to burn
	road
	mountain
	red
	green
	yellow
	white
	black
	night
	day
	year
	warm
	cold
	full
	new
	old
	good
	bad
	rotten
	dirty
	straight
	round
	sharp (as a knife)
	dull (as a knife)
	smooth
	wet
	dry
	correct
	near
	far
	right
	left
	at
	in
	with
	and
	if
	because
	name