Amafjk language: Difference between revisions

Line 140:

* In sequences of a vowel and a nasal or prenasalized consonant, the vowel is nasalized and the consonant loses its nasal quality.

* Velar aspiration is lost word-finally.

=== Stress and timing ===

Amafjk is a [[w:Mora (linguistics)|mora]]-timed language. In the Amafjk system, which includes half-morae, syllables are divided into three sizes: ultralight (half a mora), light (one mora), and heavy (one and a half morae). In addition, a mora can be classified as fixed or movable – the distinction, however, only exists in light morae, as all ultralight or heavy morae are inherently movable.

The ultralight morae are limited to the plosives /tˣ/ and /ᵑkˣ/ in coda position. Light morae include all syllable bodies (onset-nucleus combinations as well as standalone nuclei), with the exception of those with /r̝̊/ as the onset, as well as all codas with the exceptions of /tˣ/, /ᵑkˣ/ and /r̝̊/. The only heavy morae are the aforementioned /r̝̊V/ bodies and /r̝̊/ in coda position.

A nucleus without an onset is the only movable light mora. Movability refers to whether or not a mora's timing will be "quantized" to the following one-mora unit if it is placed immediately after a mora whose ending is not unit-aligned: fixed morae will be quantized, while movable morae will not. The distinction is best demonstrated with a few illustrative examples:

{| class="wikitable"

|+ ''kaxjt efjnes'' "three clouds"

|-

! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 7 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 8 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |

|-

| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='2' | e || || colspan='2' | fj || colspan='2' | ne || colspan='3' | s

|}

{| class="wikitable"

|+ ''kaxjt sjkke'' "four clouds"

|-

! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |

|-

| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='3' | sj || k || || colspan='2' | ke

|}

{| class="wikitable"

|+ ''kaxjt mjtex'' "five clouds"

|-

! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |

|-

| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || || colspan='2' | mj || colspan='2' | te || colspan='2' | x

|}

In timing, all coda consonants are transferred to the preceding mora, and all half-aligned morae are rounded down to the earliest unit multiple. For instance:

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |

|-

| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='3' | sj || k || || colspan='2' | ke

|-

| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xjt || colspan='6' | sjk || colspan = '2' | ke

|}

Stress is on the second mora of the word, or if this would be a coda mora, stress is moved to the first. For this reason, the capped form of "black" ''natat'' is stressed as ''na-tá-t'' but the uncapped form ''nattj'' is stressed as ''ná-t-tj''.

@@ Line 140: / Line 140: @@
 * In sequences of a vowel and a nasal or prenasalized consonant, the vowel is nasalized and the consonant loses its nasal quality.
 * Velar aspiration is lost word-finally.
+=== Stress and timing ===
+Amafjk is a [[w:Mora (linguistics)|mora]]-timed language. In the Amafjk system, which includes half-morae, syllables are divided into three sizes: ultralight (half a mora), light (one mora), and heavy (one and a half morae). In addition, a mora can be classified as fixed or movable – the distinction, however, only exists in light morae, as all ultralight or heavy morae are inherently movable.
+The ultralight morae are limited to the plosives /tˣ/ and /ᵑkˣ/ in coda position. Light morae include all syllable bodies (onset-nucleus combinations as well as standalone nuclei), with the exception of those with /r̝̊/ as the onset, as well as all codas with the exceptions of /tˣ/, /ᵑkˣ/ and /r̝̊/. The only heavy morae are the aforementioned /r̝̊V/ bodies and /r̝̊/ in coda position.
+A nucleus without an onset is the only movable light mora. Movability refers to whether or not a mora's timing will be "quantized" to the following one-mora unit if it is placed immediately after a mora whose ending is not unit-aligned: fixed morae will be quantized, while movable morae will not. The distinction is best demonstrated with a few illustrative examples:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ ''kaxjt efjnes'' "three clouds"
+|-
+! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 7 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 8 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
+|-
+| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='2' | e || || colspan='2' | fj || colspan='2' | ne || colspan='3' | s
+|}
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ ''kaxjt sjkke'' "four clouds"
+|-
+! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
+|-
+| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='3' | sj || k || || colspan='2' | ke
+|}
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ ''kaxjt mjtex'' "five clouds"
+|-
+! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
+|-
+| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || || colspan='2' | mj || colspan='2' | te || colspan='2' | x
+|}
+In timing, all coda consonants are transferred to the preceding mora, and all half-aligned morae are rounded down to the earliest unit multiple. For instance:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 1 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 2 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 3 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 4 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 5 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" | !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 0 1px 1px" | 6 !! style="width:10px; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 0" |
+|-
+| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xj || t || colspan='3' | sj || k || || colspan='2' | ke
+|-
+| colspan='2' | ka || colspan='2' | xjt || colspan='6' | sjk || colspan = '2' | ke
+|}
+Stress is on the second mora of the word, or if this would be a coda mora, stress is moved to the first. For this reason, the capped form of "black" ''natat'' is stressed as ''na-tá-t'' but the uncapped form ''nattj'' is stressed as ''ná-t-tj''.