Tova language: Difference between revisions

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'''The nominative case'''

The nominative case is used for subjects of verbs. For copulative verbs (like ''tana'' 'to be, exist'), the objects of them are put in the nominative case.

The nominative case is used for subjects of verbs. For copulative verbs (like ''tana'' 'to be, exist'), the objects of them are put in the nominative case. This case is unmarked.

'''The accusative case'''

The accusative case is used for the direct objects of transitive verbs.

The accusative case is used for the direct objects of transitive verbs. This case is marked with a ''-C*it'' affix, and the ''C*'' causes gemination if attached to a word that ends in a consonant. For example: ''jaśadan'' 'connector' → ''jaśadan'''nit''''' 'connector (ACC.)'

'''The dative case'''

The dative case is used for the indirect objects of transitive verbs, or the arguments of intransitive verbs. Generally, it corresponds to ''''to NOUN'''<nowiki/>'.

The dative case is used for the indirect objects of transitive verbs, or the arguments of intransitive verbs. Generally, it corresponds to '<nowiki/>'''to NOUN'''<nowiki/>'. This case is marked with a ''-Ci'' affix, and the ''C'' is taken from the consonant closest to the end of the word that it is applied to. For example: ''tosónu'' 'relating to an observatory' → ''tosó'''n'''u'''ni''''' 'relating to an observatory (DAT.)'

===== The genitive case =====

The genitive case is used for the indication of possession. The order of possession is ''possessed noun in the definite'' + ''possesser in the genitive''. For example: ''úmmújes'' ''~~źatnanik~~'' 'A cleaner's pen' / 'The pen of a cleaner'.

The genitive case is used for the indication of possession. The order of possession is ''possessed noun in the definite'' + ''possesser in the genitive''. For example: ''úmmújes'' ''źatnanak'' 'A cleaner's pen' / 'The pen of a cleaner'. The affix is ''-Cak''. Like in the example, ''źatnan'' → ''źatn'''a'''n'''ak'''''.

===== Locative cases =====

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'''The comitative case'''

The comitative case corresponds to ''''with NOUN'''<nowiki/>'. It is used for accompaniment or instrumental usage, like ''with him'' and ''with a pen'', respectively.

The comitative case corresponds to '<nowiki/>'''with NOUN'''<nowiki/>'. It is used for accompaniment or instrumental usage, like ''with him'' and ''with a pen'', respectively. The affix is ''-Cil''; ''dhusur → dhusur'''il'''''.

'''The inessive case'''

The inessive case is a locative case that indicates location inside or in the noun that the case is applied to.

The inessive case is a locative case that indicates location inside or in the noun that the case is applied to. The affix is ''-Cós''; ''dhusuru → dhusu'''r'''u'''rós'''''.

'''The adessive case'''

The adessive case is a locative case that indicates location at, upon, or around the noun that the case is applied to.

The adessive case is a locative case that indicates location at, upon, or around the noun that the case is applied to. The affix is ''-Car''; ''dhusuru → dhusururar.''

'''The ablative case'''

The ablative case is a case that indicated motion away from something, but also a location that is ''from'' the noun it is applied to.

The ablative case is a case that indicated motion away from something, but also a location that is ''from'' the noun it is applied to. The affix is ''-Vźu''; ''jonón'' 'house' ''→ jonónóźu'' 'from the house'.

===== The vocative case =====

The vocative case is a case that is used for direct addressing of the noun that it is applied to. It is more common to see this case be used in religious texts, but there is still modern usage.

The vocative case is a case that is used for direct addressing of the noun that it is applied to. It is more common to see this case be used in religious texts, but there is still modern usage. The affix is ''-Ca''; ''itulsan'' 'Lord' → ''itulsana'' 'O Lord!'.

==== Pluralization ====

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Here is a table showing an example declension (excluding possessive forms) of an adjectival modifier.

{| class="wikitable"

|+Declension of ''~~dhusuru~~'' '~~good~~'

|+Declension of ''tulvi'' 'liking'

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" |Indefinite

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|-

!Nominative

|''~~dhusuru~~''

|''tulvi''

|''~~dhusurunu~~''

|''tulvini''

|''~~uddhusuru~~''

|''uttulvi''

|''~~uddhusurunu~~''

|''uttulvini''

|-

!Accusative

|''~~dhusurut~~''

|''tulvit''

|''~~dhusurunut~~''

|''tulvinit''

|''~~uddhusurut~~''

|''uttulvit''

|''~~uddhusurunut~~''

|''uttulvinit''

|-

!Dative

|''~~dhusururi~~''

|''tulviv''

|''~~dhusurununi~~''

|''tulvinin''

|''~~uddhusururi~~''

|''uttulviv''

|''~~uddhusurununi~~''

|''uttulvinin''

|-

!Genitive

|''~~dhusuruk~~''

|''tulvivak''

|''~~dhusurunuk~~''

|''tulvininak''

|''~~uddhusuruk~~''

|''uttulvivak''

|''~~uddhusurunuk~~''

|''uttulvininak''

|-

!Comitative

|''~~dhusurul~~''

|''tulvivil''

|''~~dhusurunul~~''

|''tulvininil''

|''~~uddhusurul~~''

|''uttulvivil''

|''~~uddhusurunul~~''

|''uttulvininil''

|-

!Inessive

|''~~dhusurus~~''

|''tulvivós''

|''~~dhusurunus~~''

|''tulvininós''

|''~~uddhusurus~~''

|''uttulvivós''

|''~~uddhusurunus~~''

|''uttulvininós''

|-

!Adessive

|''~~dhusurur~~''

|''tulvivar''

|''~~dhusurunur~~''

|''tulvininar''

|''~~uddhusurur~~''

|''uttulvivar''

|''~~uddhusurunur~~''

|''uttulvininar''

|-

!Ablative

|''~~dhusuruźu~~''

|''tulviźu''

|''~~dhusurunuźu~~''

|''tulviniźu''

|''~~uddhusuruźu~~''

|''uttulviźu''

|''~~uddhusurunuźu~~''

|''uttulviniźu''

|-

!Vocative

|''~~dhusurure~~''

|''tulviva''

|''~~dhusurunune~~''

|''tulvinina''

|''~~uddhusurure~~''

|''uttulviva''

|''~~uddhusurunune~~''

|''uttulvinina''

|}

@@ Line 255: / Line 255: @@
 '''The nominative case'''
-The nominative case is used for subjects of verbs. For copulative verbs (like ''tana'' 'to be, exist'), the objects of them are put in the nominative case.
+The nominative case is used for subjects of verbs. For copulative verbs (like ''tana'' 'to be, exist'), the objects of them are put in the nominative case. This case is unmarked.
 '''The accusative case'''
-The accusative case is used for the direct objects of transitive verbs.
+The accusative case is used for the direct objects of transitive verbs. This case is marked with a ''-C*it'' affix, and the ''C*'' causes gemination if attached to a word that ends in a consonant. For example: ''jaśadan'' 'connector' → ''jaśadan'''nit''''' 'connector (ACC.)'
 '''The dative case'''
-The dative case is used for the indirect objects of transitive verbs, or the arguments of intransitive verbs. Generally, it corresponds to ''''to NOUN'''<nowiki/>'.
+The dative case is used for the indirect objects of transitive verbs, or the arguments of intransitive verbs. Generally, it corresponds to '<nowiki/>'''to NOUN'''<nowiki/>'. This case is marked with a ''-Ci'' affix, and the ''C'' is taken from the consonant closest to the end of the word that it is applied to. For example: ''tosónu'' 'relating to an observatory' → ''tosó'''n'''u'''ni''''' 'relating to an observatory (DAT.)'
 ===== The genitive case =====
-The genitive case is used for the indication of possession. The order of possession is ''possessed noun in the definite'' + ''possesser in the genitive''. For example: ''úmmújes'' ''źatnanik'' 'A cleaner's pen' / 'The pen of a cleaner'.
+The genitive case is used for the indication of possession. The order of possession is ''possessed noun in the definite'' + ''possesser in the genitive''. For example: ''úmmújes'' ''źatnanak'' 'A cleaner's pen' / 'The pen of a cleaner'. The affix is ''-Cak''. Like in the example, ''źatnan'' → ''źatn'''a'''n'''ak'''''.
 ===== Locative cases =====
@@ Line 273: / Line 273: @@
 '''The comitative case'''
-The comitative case corresponds to ''''with NOUN'''<nowiki/>'. It is used for accompaniment or instrumental usage, like ''with him'' and ''with a pen'', respectively.
+The comitative case corresponds to '<nowiki/>'''with NOUN'''<nowiki/>'. It is used for accompaniment or instrumental usage, like ''with him'' and ''with a pen'', respectively. The affix is ''-Cil''; ''dhusur → dhusur'''il'''''.
 '''The inessive case'''
-The inessive case is a locative case that indicates location inside or in the noun that the case is applied to.
+The inessive case is a locative case that indicates location inside or in the noun that the case is applied to. The affix is ''-Cós''; ''dhusuru → dhusu'''r'''u'''rós'''''.
 '''The adessive case'''
-The adessive case is a locative case that indicates location at, upon, or around the noun that the case is applied to.
+The adessive case is a locative case that indicates location at, upon, or around the noun that the case is applied to. The affix is ''-Car''; ''dhusuru → dhusururar.''
 '''The ablative case'''
-The ablative case is a case that indicated motion away from something, but also a location that is ''from'' the noun it is applied to.
+The ablative case is a case that indicated motion away from something, but also a location that is ''from'' the noun it is applied to. The affix is ''-Vźu''; ''jonón'' 'house' ''→ jonónóźu'' 'from the house'.
 ===== The vocative case =====
-The vocative case is a case that is used for direct addressing of the noun that it is applied to. It is more common to see this case be used in religious texts, but there is still modern usage.
+The vocative case is a case that is used for direct addressing of the noun that it is applied to. It is more common to see this case be used in religious texts, but there is still modern usage. The affix is ''-Ca''; ''itulsan'' 'Lord' → ''itulsana'' 'O Lord!'.
 ==== Pluralization ====
@@ Line 413: / Line 413: @@
 Here is a table showing an example declension (excluding possessive forms) of an adjectival modifier.
 {| class="wikitable"
-|+Declension of ''dhusuru'' 'good'
+|+Declension of ''tulvi'' 'liking'
 ! rowspan="2" |
 ! colspan="2" |Indefinite
@@ Line 424: / Line 424: @@
 |-
 !Nominative
-|''dhusuru''
+|''tulvi''
-|''dhusurunu''
+|''tulvini''
-|''uddhusuru''
+|''uttulvi''
-|''uddhusurunu''
+|''uttulvini''
 |-
 !Accusative
-|''dhusurut''
+|''tulvit''
-|''dhusurunut''
+|''tulvinit''
-|''uddhusurut''
+|''uttulvit''
-|''uddhusurunut''
+|''uttulvinit''
 |-
 !Dative
-|''dhusururi''
+|''tulviv''
-|''dhusurununi''
+|''tulvinin''
-|''uddhusururi''
+|''uttulviv''
-|''uddhusurununi''
+|''uttulvinin''
 |-
 !Genitive
-|''dhusuruk''
+|''tulvivak''
-|''dhusurunuk''
+|''tulvininak''
-|''uddhusuruk''
+|''uttulvivak''
-|''uddhusurunuk''
+|''uttulvininak''
 |-
 !Comitative
-|''dhusurul''
+|''tulvivil''
-|''dhusurunul''
+|''tulvininil''
-|''uddhusurul''
+|''uttulvivil''
-|''uddhusurunul''
+|''uttulvininil''
 |-
 !Inessive
-|''dhusurus''
+|''tulvivós''
-|''dhusurunus''
+|''tulvininós''
-|''uddhusurus''
+|''uttulvivós''
-|''uddhusurunus''
+|''uttulvininós''
 |-
 !Adessive
-|''dhusurur''
+|''tulvivar''
-|''dhusurunur''
+|''tulvininar''
-|''uddhusurur''
+|''uttulvivar''
-|''uddhusurunur''
+|''uttulvininar''
 |-
 !Ablative
-|''dhusuruźu''
+|''tulviźu''
-|''dhusurunuźu''
+|''tulviniźu''
-|''uddhusuruźu''
+|''uttulviźu''
-|''uddhusurunuźu''
+|''uttulviniźu''
 |-
 !Vocative
-|''dhusurure''
+|''tulviva''
-|''dhusurunune''
+|''tulvinina''
-|''uddhusurure''
+|''uttulviva''
-|''uddhusurunune''
+|''uttulvinina''
 |}