Kjaxono verbs: Difference between revisions

Due to its complexity and widespread irregularities, unique words to describe unusual concepts in regards to conjugation, and concepts with little if any equivelant in any other natural language, verbs in [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] often pose a mammoth stonewall to learners of the language. This article presupposes familiarity at least with [[Kjaxono grammar]].

 

 

 

 

 

Kjaxono verbs are constructed agglutinatively, though they show many fusional features.  

 

Kjaxono verbs have 5 main tenses: the ''past, hodiernal, present, perfect,'' and ''future''. The ''perfect tense'' has 5 different forms, of which are conveyed via the preverb slot of Kjaxono's verb template. The individual perfect subtenses are sometimes considered tenses by themselves, but they do not vary morphologically except in the preverb. Otherwise, the perfect tense takes the same conjugation as the present, lacking a tense affix. Tense is applied to the '''2a''' subslot of the '''TmpD''' slot, and the '''6b''' subslot of the '''At²''' slot only if aspect is also expressed. Tense is also sometimes applied on the '''1b''' subslot of the '''PrV''' slot.

 

Kjaxono verbs have 5 moods: the ''indicative, conditional, potential, hypothetical,'' and ''imperative''. The imperative mood specifically has two seperate submoods: the hard and soft. Typically, the hard imperative is used by people of higher social classes to people of lower social status. Some examples of this would be an employer to an employee, by parents to children, etc. The soft imperative is used far more commonly, and acts as a more polite and formal version of the latter. Mood is applied to the '''2b''' subslot of the '''TmpD''' slot of the verb template as seen below. Moods are marked in combination with person. As a result, one does not necessarily need a pronoun at the start of the phrase to make sense.  

Kjaxono verbs have 3 evidentialities: the ''direct, reportative,'' and ''assumptive''. The direct is employed when the speaker has directly witnessed the event being discussed. The reportative is employed when the speaker is reporting the event, but has not actually witnessed the event themselves. Finally, the assumptive is employed when the speaker is assuming the event being discussed occured. Evidentiality is applied to the '''E''' and '''8b''' subslot of the '''PsVe²''' slot; this means that evidentiality is doubly marked. When evidentiality is conjugated for, a postverb follows. 

 

 

A unique feature only found in the [..] language family is the prescence of what is translated as ''pattern''. Pattern is described in most grammars of [[Kjaxono language|Kjaxono]] as an event's manner, in relation to time. Pattern should not be confused with aspect, aspect being how an event extends over time. The two are often entangled, and in combination can produce many very precise scenarios. There are four patterns in Kjaxono:   

* The '''repetitive pattern''' describes any event that occurs or is finished at many moments in time, with the length of time between each event being regular.  

 

 

In total, Kjaxono verbs conjugate for the following. Segments that are <u>underlined</u> are only featured in irregular verbs. 

 

** ''[[W:Hodiernal tense|Hodiernal]]''

Kjaxono uses a variety of prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs. The following chart shows the maximum amount of affixes and alterations a verb in Kjaxono can take in their usual order. Note that in everyday speech, most Kjaxono verbs do not take the amount of forms that the table may suggest.

! colspan="2" |PrV

! colspan="2" |TmpD

! rowspan="3" |'''STEM'''

| colspan="2" |Preverb

| rowspan="2" |'''Tense'''

|'''Person and Mood'''

| rowspan="2" |Evidentiality

| rowspan="2" |Pattern

| rowspan="2" |Voice

| colspan="2" |Postverb

|Locative type

|Tense

!1a

!1b

!2a

!2b

!3

!4

!5a

!6a

Only the parts in '''bold''' are required to be present within a Kjaxono verb.

==== Preverb and postverb ====

The terms preverb and postverb in Kjaxono refer to particles surounding verbs. The term preverb is used to signify tense and locative and vaguely prepositional information. The modern Kjaxono preverb used to be an auxiliary verb, but now it has been incorporated into the verb complex. The postverb is a mostly optional auxiliary verb that simultaneously encodes for evidentiality and pattern - these are doubly marked, both of these features being included in the verb complex, and in several of Kjaxono's dialects and sister languages, the postverb has gradually faded away in use.

== Transitive scale (Objective scale) ==

=== Northern objective scale ===

|+Preverb tenses

! colspan="4" |Perfect

! rowspan="2" |Past

! rowspan="2" |Nonpast

!Continuative perfect

!Anterior perfect

!Universal perfect

!Recent perfect

|n(ǔ)-

|e-

|}

{| class="wikitable"

!1st

! rowspan="2" |Past

!Past

|i-

|'''N/A'''

|c(e)-

| rowspan="2" |kj(e)-

| rowspan="6" |''o-''

! colspan="2" |Conditional

| rowspan="2" |ŋj(e)-

! colspan="2" |Perfect

| rowspan="2" |'''N/A'''

! colspan="2" |Potential

| rowspan="2" |l(e)-

! rowspan="2" |Nonpast

!Present

! colspan="2" |Hypothetical

! rowspan="2" |Imperative

!Hard

! rowspan="2" |

| colspan="2" |ż(o)-

! rowspan="2" |

| colspan="2" |qż(o)-

!Soft

| colspan="2" |c(o)-

| colspan="2" |gqż(o)-

|}

{| class="wikitable"

!Direct

| -x̌q-

!Reportative

| -d-

!Assumptive

| -ng-

{| class="wikitable"

|+Pattern suffixes

!Punctual

!Repetitive

| -tk(-)

!Irregularitive

| -lǒ(-)

!Fragmentative

| -te(-)

|+Aspect and tense suffixes (with voice changes)

! colspan="7" |Active voice

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="3" |Non word final

! rowspan="6" |

! colspan="2" |Word final

!Past

!Perfective

| rowspan="2" | -gje(-)

| -gje(-)

| -gjǒ(-)

| rowspan="2" | -gjut

| rowspan="2" | -tjǔt

!Habitual

| colspan="2" | -gja(-)

!Continuous

| -ŋke(-)

| colspan="2" | -ŋa(-)

| -njut

| -ŋjǔt

| -gje(-)

| -gje(-)

| -gjǔ(-)

| -gju

| -gjǔt

! colspan="7" |Middle voice

| rowspan="2" | -d(-)

| -de(-)

| -dǒ(-)

| rowspan="2" | -du

| rowspan="2" | -dǔt

| colspan="2" | -da(-)

| -ŋ(-)

| -gj(-)

| -gje(-)

| -gjǔ(-)

| -gu

| -gǔt

! colspan="7" |Passive voice

| rowspan="2" | -ge(-)

| -deg(-)

| -dǒŋ(-)

| rowspan="2" | -duŋ

| rowspan="2" | -dǔŋ

| colspan="2" | -dag(-)

| rowspan="2" | -ŋe(-)

| colspan="2" | -ŋag(-)

| -kuŋ

| -kǔŋ

| -geg(-)

| -gjǔŋ(-)

| -guŋ

| -gǔŋ

| -ke-

!Middle

| '''N/A'''

!Irregularitive

!Direct

|x̌ik

|x̌atqi

|x̌alǒ

|x̌aihe

!Reportative

|diax̌

|diaqi

|dilǒ

|daihe

!Assumptive

|ngak

|ngaqi

|ngaǒ

|ngaihe

==== Examples ====

!P

! colspan="2" |'''At²'''

!V

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="2" |PsVe'''²'''

|a

|n

|'''N/A'''

|ŋe

|-

{| class="wikitable"

! colspan="2" |PrV

! colspan="2" |TmpD

! rowspan="2" |'''aqaǔŋ'''

! colspan="2" |'''At²'''

! colspan="2" |PsVe'''²'''

ageiceng'''aqaǔŋ'''tkqxemǐg x̌atqi = "''you brought it at repetitive intervals to the place''"

|+Minimally possible example

! colspan="2" |PrV

! colspan="2" |TmpD

| colspan="2" |'''N/A'''

|'''N/A'''

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="2" |PsVe'''²'''

| colspan="2" |'''N/A'''

|'''N/A'''

 

! rowspan="2" |Past

! rowspan="2" |Nonpast

| colspan="2" |ng(ǔ)-

|e-

| colspan="2" |'''N/A'''

! rowspan="2" |Past

| rowspan="2" |k(e)-

| rowspan="6" |''o-''

|x(e)-

|d(e)-

! colspan="2" |Perfect

| rowspan="2" |t(e)-

| rowspan="2" |h(i)-

|-

|e-

|-

| -x̌u-

| -mu-

| -gu-

=== Eastern objective scale ===

 

The intransitive scales are generally the most defective types of scales: they are much more simplified than their transitive counterparts.

=== Northern nonobjective scale ===

 

 

 

== Examples ==